Contrasting the View of the Ultimate Reality in Relation to Science Essay

What compels mankind to seek unity between, science and religion, two compartmentalized and distinct aspects of our world? John Polkinghorne states, in â€Å"Does God Act in the Physical World†, â€Å"The demand for an integrated account of both theological and scientific insight impels us to the task† (Polkinghorne 59). Yet Polkinghorne is not alone is his quest; in â€Å"Emptiness and Form† Fritjof Capra connects the ultimate reality with the physical world. While Polkinghorne and Capra agree on certain ideals, such as the man’s inability to fully grasp the ultimate and the incorporation of quantum mechanics in each one’s respective argument, they also contrast in terms of the religions they use to defend their argument. This leads to differences in their views on the ultimate and His interaction with the physical world. While this leads to two distinct and diverse arguments, I believe that both arguments are equally presented in a reputable and successful manner. At one point in each of their respective arguments, Polkinghorne and Capra clearly state that the understanding of the ultimate reality cannot be fully understood by humankind. Polkinghorne writes, â€Å"We are a long way from a full understanding of our own powers of agency, let alone how it is that God works in the world† (Polkinghorne 74). Due to our limited minds and capabilities, mankind will never be able to fully grasp the ultimate reality in its full essence. It is quite mindboggling, if not impossible, to fully understand the ultimate reality, when it is as an infinite and omnipresent being. â€Å"The reality underlying all phenomena is beyond all forms and defies all description and specification† (Capra 211). The professor who taught my freshman Colloquium on Science and Religion once stated that God cannot be put in a test tube. While he did say this statement as a means to refute the existence of an ultimate reality, his assertion is valid; there is only so much we can know about the divine. It is crucial that both Polkinghorne and Capra affirm this position in order to clarify that while it is possible to unify the ultimate reality with the physical world, we will never fully understand the relationship. In evolution terms, there seems to be a â€Å"missing link† that allows us to connect both aspects. Also, both Polkinghorne and Capra use the ideas and concepts of quantum mechanics as premises when connecting the ultimate reality with the physical world. Capra’s discussion of electrons and photons becomes the premise for one of his deductions. Capra writes, â€Å"The full interaction between the electrons will involve a series of photon exchanges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (216). This leads to the assertion that there are no true forces in the subatomic world but that these interactions are due to the exchange of particles, that according to the quantum field theory are created and destroyed (Capra 217). These two premises lead Capra to state, â€Å"The electromagnetic forces are due to the presence of virtual photons ‘within’ charged particles†¦[and]†¦the forces between particles appear as intrinsic properties of the particles. † After deducing this premise Capra goes on to say, â€Å"Such a view of forces is also characteristic of Eastern mysticism which regards motion and change as essential and intrinsic properties of all things† (221). In order to clarify this statement he utilizes aspects of Chinese religion and explains how this assumption of quantum mechanics is connected to the ultimate reality. Like Capra, Polkinghorne makes use of the theories and ideas of quantum mechanics as premise to relate the ultimate with the physical. One of the ideas he uses is the chaos theory. The theory says that events in a chaotic system are random but Polkinghorne employs this theory in his argument in order to show how deterministic chaos is not a valid argument, which will eventually lead to his idea of an open system. He says, â€Å"A chaotic system is not totally ‘chaotic’ in the popular sense, corresponding to absolutely random behavior. † There are certain possibilities known as a â€Å"strange attractor† and its limited to a certain extent, but this â€Å"detailed future behaviour of a chaotic system is unknowable† (Polkinhorne 52). Later on in his argument, Polkinghorne discusses the idea of deterministic chaos and consider it from a different viewpoint. He writes: Instead of adopting the conventional strategy of saying this shows that simple determinism underlies even apparently complex random behavior, I prefer the realist strategy of seeking the closest alignment of ontology and epistemology†¦[which] has the additional advantage of accommodating the notion of top-down causality in a natural way (Polkinghorne 64). The premise of top-down causality leads to his connection of the ultimate reality with the physical world and that God interacts with the world in a top-down fashion. If the ultimate reality does truly interact with the world, then this will lead to the discussion of an open system in which Polkinghorne also uses the basis of quantum mechanics in order to make a postulation. Another major theories Polkinghorne frequently refers to in his argument is the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which states that we cannot simultaneously know the position and momentum of any particle (53). This idea of uncertainty in the physical world is the premise that leads to Polkinghorne’s assumption of the universe as an open system. He writes, â€Å"The ‘gaps’ of quantum uncertainty operate only in particular circumstances†¦to produce an openness at the lever of classical physics† (Polkinghorne 60). While Polkinghorne advocates the idea of an open system, it is evident that his counter partner, Capra, sees the universe as a closed system. One of the major differences between Capra and Polkinghorne is the concept of a closed system versus an open system. Capra respectively agrees and accepts with the view of the universe as a closed system. Capra explains this concept by first explaining the idea of matter and empty space or the full and the void. He discusses how these are interconnected. â€Å"The two cannot be distinguished† (Capra 208). In Eastern religions, this Void â€Å"has an infinite creative potential†¦[which]†¦like the quantum field, it gives birth to an infinite variety of forms which it sustains and eventually reabsorbs† (Capra 212). The notion of it sustaining itself and reabsorbing leads to the idea of a system that is set up and is able to maintain itself without the help of an ultimate being. Buddhism expressed this idea of form and emptiness in a single whole entity. Capra quotes, â€Å"‘Form is emptiness, and emptiness is indeed form. Emptiness is not different from form, form is not different from emptiness. What is form that is emptiness, what is emptiness that is form’† (215). Also, Capra states that this form and emptiness is elevated into a vacuum diagram that â€Å"contains an unlimited number of particles which come into being and vanish without end. † This â€Å"physical vacuum†¦contains the potentiality for all forms of the particle world† (Capra 222). This system implies that the relationship between the ultimate reality and the physical world is one where the divine has set up system and does not intervene in our world. This premise eventually leads to the idea that there is no free will and that the universe is determined. This view of the universe completely changes the way we perceive the world. Without free will morals and ethics lose validity and are worthless to society. It is quite evident that Polkinghorne disagrees with this concept and presents his views of an open system. Polkinghorne would classify the idea of a universe as an closed system under â€Å"a minimalist response [which] is to decline to speak of particular divine actions and to confine theological talk to the single great act of holding the universe in being. † Polkinghorne believes that most scientists do not even consider this notion of a minimalist to be valid. He states that while God did establish the laws and set up the universe, this does not impede his interaction in the universe (Polkinghorne 54). He sees the connection between the ultimate reality and the physical world as â€Å"relating divine agency to human agency. † Polkinghorne explains, â€Å"When we act, we seem to do so as total beings† (57). Therefore God acts in the same as humans do, but it is seen as a God in relation to his creation. This premise leads to the top-down notion of the parts depending on the whole. With this top-down premise, Polkinghorne strengthens his argument of an open system by exhibiting that we are dependent on God, whether through the establishment of the laws or divine intervention in the universe. Polkinghorne also classifies the closed system as a â€Å"block universe†. He writes, â€Å"It is sometimes claimed that science endorses the alternative view that the universe ‘is’ rather than ‘becomes’† (Polkinghorne 68). This implies that the universe has a certain determinacy and that God does not act in the universe. Since the universe â€Å"is†, then it is conclusive that God must know the future because it is already determined. The view of the open system appears to be more logical and realistic, but at the expense of God’s infinite and omnipresent capabilities. He says, â€Å"†¦it is the universe of becoming that is the correct picture, then surely God must know it in its temporality, as it actually is. God must not just know that events are successive; they must be known in their succession† (Polkinghorne 69). While I agree that the universe is an open system, it cannot be at the expenditure of God. Say a person is on a roof looking down at an intersection; he can see all and everything laid out before him. He observes two cars coming at the intersection at the same time and foresees an accident. This is analogous to God and the universe, where God is in a position to see all and foretell all. Obviously, this is not a perfect analogy since the person is constricted by time and therefore could be incorrect in his assumptions. Therefore, if we accept the premise that God is infinite and outside the constricts of time, then we can conclude that God or the ultimate reality knows the future in an open system. The most crucial difference between the arguments of Polkinghorne and Capra is their definition of the ultimate reality. In each of their respective claims, the view of the ultimate reality has a drastic effect on the outcome of each argument. The belief in certain characteristics of an ultimate reality is important when there is an attempt to connect it to the physical world. Through further analysis of both arguments, it is evident that the difference between Polkinghorne and Capra is basically a Western Religion versus Eastern Religion discussion. It is evident that Capra takes the side of Eastern Religion; his book is titled The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism. Throughout his argument he constantly refers to the ideas and beliefs of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese religion. He quotes from their texts in an attempt to connect their ultimate reality with the physical world. On the other hand, Polkinghorne utilizes Western religion as a means of connecting the ultimate reality with the physical world. Specifically he uses the values and teachings of Christian traditions. He says that the discussion of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world is â€Å"a perennial issue on the Christian agenda† (Polkinghorne 48). One aspect of the arguments that I found to be perplexing was the use of the same laws of the physical world as at he basis of each author’s respective argument. Obviously, Polkinghorne and Capra have their own agenda and argument. Therefore, what does this say about the laws of the physical world; can they simply manipulate to agree with any form of the ultimate? This cannot be valid or then the laws of the physical world can be disfigured in order to fit any belief system or value; either Polkinghorne must be right and Capra wrong, or vice versa. We cannot accept this dualistic view of the world that the universe can be open in some instances and closed in others. Yet, this view arises when we fail to realize that there is one ultimate reality or truth. If there was one truth, then there would only be one way to connect this ultimate to the physical world. At the same time, we cannot say that Polkinghorne is correct and Capra is wrong, or vice versa. If the premises that they base their arguments off are valid then we cannot deduce which argument is better, but only say that it is a conflict of realities. The success of the arguments lies in the belief of the premises of the religious and physical world. Faith is the true deciding factor that will allow us to declare a winner in this pursuit of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world. If we assume that the premises of the physical world and quantum mechanics in each argument to be the same, then the only significant difference between each argument is the view of the ultimate reality. Since I have Christian traditions and beliefs I would strongly side with Polkinghorne’s argument. Yet, if there is a person who has no solid beliefs, then these two arguments would seem valid and justifiable in their eyes, due to their lack of knowledge of the ultimate reality.

Critical Analysis of Traditional and Agile Project Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Project is an effort taken to build something unique within a specific period. (PMBOK, 2004: 20). This means that a project has a starting and an ending which has to be completed within the specified time. For a project to be completed within time limit and with little or no flaws, a plan has to be put in place so as to get a desired result. Project planning is the determination of the progress of a project to be carried out in a serial manner. (Successful Project Management, 2011: 57). Project planning is very essential in managing a project and will be discussed in detail specifically in traditional and agile project management which is the two major project management approaches. Critical analysis of these two approaches in respect to project planning will be given. That is treating the necessary processes in planning a project. Tools, techniques, and project lifecycle models used in project management will be explored. See more: how to write an analysis OVERVIEW Traditional project management TPM is a set of technique and tools that can be applied to an activity that seeks an end product, outcomes or service. This is a well taught out planning process which has a very strict control method that makes distinguishable stages in a project life cycle (hass, 2007). Requirement such as scope, cost and time are determined upfront, followed plans are also well laid out and once laid out, it cannot be modified. Due to this, life cycles are easily recognizable. Task are completed one after another once completed, it cannot be revisited. In TPM, a lot of importance is attached  to documentation of business needs thereby stakeholders needs are already known (Leybourne, 2009). TPM is based on the fact that situations surrounding project and activities are predictable and manageable (Hass 2007, Yusuf et al 1999). TPM views each project level as a separate process whose outcome or completion has an effect on how and when subsequent levels begin (caddle and Yeates 2008; Thonsett 2012). According to Larman (2004), a well thought out rule on project team members’ responsibilities are determined at the planning phase. This makes team members accountable for the project which ensures control (Saladis and Kezner, 2009). Examples of traditional models are: 1. PRINCE2 2. Waterfall 3. Event chain 4. CA-PPM. Agile project management APM is all about incremental iteration, adaptability, agility and collaboration (Scuh, 2005; Larman, 2004). It takes individual and iteration contribution over process and tools. It lays emphasis on short cycles of structure which happen at different levels and also emphasis on feedback (Hass, 2007). All plans are revisited to get certainty of delivery. APM sees the project as product increment. Due to its lack of structure, it requires a considerable amount of discipline and coordination. APM allows project scope to change rapidly and frequently which is done by constant communication with project stakeholders. APM teams consist of skilled members fully dedicated to the project and are co-located (Hass, 2007; Wysocki). The whole idea of what APM is all about is based on the agile manifesto. It was put forward by Martin Fowler and Jim Highsmith (wysocki,). Its content are given below: â€Å"We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: Individuals and interactions over processes and tools Working software over comprehensive documentation Customer collaboration over contract negotiation Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items  on the left more.† Types of agile project management approaches are as follows: 1. Agile Unified Process (AUP) 2. Scrum 3. Lean Software Development 4. Extreme Programming (XP) 5. Dynamic Systems Development Method 6. Feature Driven Development Scope Planning Scope planning is a process that describes and documents the boundaries of a project and project expectation. TPM is a rigid approach that gives no room to change once the scope plan has been created. Plans are made to prevent change in project scope. It focuses on developing all parts of the scope first. Documentation is very detailed trying to encompass the whole requirement. The project scope statement consists of the objective and boundaries of the project and also product specification. Work breakdown structure is then created. In TPM, steps are taken that the team sticks to the scope of the project. Scope planning in APM is a high-level activity because little is known of the solution. Change is a key part of APM, making the scope very flexible. The scope is constantly redefined due to the series of iterations. Ideas could be added at stage of the project. Documentations is present but not as detailed as in TPM. APM focuses on developing the most important part of the scope first and then proceed to the next. Human Resource Planning In TPM, team is usually large in number and consists of various levels of skilled members. The teams are very organized. The teams don’t make decisions on their own without the approval of senior managers. APM team members are proficient and are highly skilled, they are collocated in order to handle changes in project scope and also performance, communication and more so, interrelation. APM consists of small team, members are mostly between five and nine, and they also are highly productive. Agile teams are self-organizing and disciplined (Hewson, 2006). Agile teams are basically  independent. Risk Planning TPM assumes that there will be risk in the project. This is put into consideration at the planning of the project and measures are put in place to handle it. Projects in APM are volatile and very unstable because the solutions are not known. Every iteration cycle comes with its own risks. These risks are expected and are handled sequentially when it arises during project (Owen et al, 2006). Proponents of agile approach argue that dealing with real risk is better than preparing for unknown risk (Schuh, 2005). Quality Quality in agile is often determined by the regular feedback and acknowledgement of the customer’s view of the quality of the product. Time planning: In traditional approach, time estimation is dependent on the amount of tasks to be executed. Time estimation is done right after the WBS is created. Effort is made in other to complete the project within the required time (Hass, 2007). In agile approach, time estimation is based on features. The numbers of features to be developed determine the amount of time that will be used. Scheduling and workflow are also closely aligned. Management style: In TPM, the project manager is responsible solely for the planning and allocation of responsibilities (Kerzner, 2003). Traditional project managers focus more on the schedule, scope and budget (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). In APM, the project manager works in collaboration with the team (Hass, 2007). Agile managers focus more on the business value and deliverables (Fernandez and Fernandez, 2009). Cost management: Agile projects should be based on either a cost-reimbursable system, or the client accepts scope is a variable based on achieving the maximum improvement possible for a pre-set budget. This is a totally different philosophy to traditional project governance. Tools, Technique, models, and Project Lifecycle Models There are numerous tool and technique that can be utilized in the course of planning a project which include: Gantt chart is a graphical representation for scheduling the execution of various project activities. It can be used to make an approximation of time required to complete the  project. Brainstorming involves the assembling of idea by a group of people in order to solve problem and to arrive at a conclusion. It is essential in development of new ideas. Work breakdown structure (WBS) is the breaking down of project into smaller more manageable pieces in a hierarchical order. Each level in WBS is a smaller piece of the level above. Fishbone diagram is also known as cause-and-effect diagram. It is used to check the cause of a specific event. They also help during the collating and analyzing factors phase of project planning. Critical Path Method involves dealing with activities that has to be completed in order for other activities to be completed. It helps in the sequencing and correlating of interdependent processes. PERT Chart is a representation that shows the task to be performed serially in a graphical form. It helps to focus more on the most critical part of the project in order to reduce constriction. Project Charter is a document that formally authorizes a project statement. It contains project justification, business needs and so on. . (PMBOK, 2004) Scope Statement ensures that only the required work is done. That is work is not done out of scope of the project. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) WBS is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be done by the project team, to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. WBS is a tool which focuses on how a project work should be done. It breaks down the work to be done into smaller sections that can be managed by the project team, each section give details of the project work as such giving team understanding of what do(Biafore, 2011). WBS can be depicted as an outline or a diagram (Biafore, 2011). The number of levels present in a WBS should be reasonable as this is determined by how voluminous and complex the project is. WBS helps in d identification of task, brings to light what d project entails and a lot of other tools depend on WBS. It also allows stakeholders have an understanding of the scope of the project (Biafore, 2011). PERT Chart (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) It is visual illustration of a project plan task. It document important or critical phases of a project. It helps to identify critical processes and  the time that the process will end. It can also help in the documentation of a project. It helps in the organizing and scheduling of interrelated tasks in a complex project (Chinneck, 2009). It does this by using a network description to show parallel relationships between tasks (Chinneck, 2009). It helps in the completion of each task in other of precedence. It is a very important tool for tracking project activities and milestones. PERT enables the project team to handle task in order of importance. It also deal with uncertainty in process completion dates and determines activities start and end dates. Finally, PERT chart can be adjusted at anytime in the duration of the project. Linear Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a simple TPM approach which does not allow for returning to a project which has previously been completed. (Effective : 329). This means that once a phase in a project is completed, there will be no room to do any kind of adjustment. Incremental Project Management Lifecycle Model It is a traditional TPM in which unlike linear. It releases a solution to each phase of the project and it also emphasis on customer value than the linear approach. (Fernandez, Fernandez). Iterative Project Management Lifecycle Model In the iterative PMLC, change is required as it is the important part of the model. It is a learn by doing strategy. (Fernandez, Fernandez). All iteration consists of feedback loop, and it involves more clients and customers than incremental. Adaptive Project Management Lifecycle Model This is a PMLC that almost nothing is known about the solution and almost all of it are designed for software development project. It deals with a high level of uncertainty because little is known of the end product. Extreme Project Management Lifecycle Model In this model, there is no broad knowledge and solution about the project. The level of uncertainty is high and also that of clients too. CONCLUSION After looking at the two approaches, it is seen that both approaches are good  and can work perfectly well depending on the project at hand. TPM due to its detailed planning is the preferred choice for structured project. It is used in large projects that have well understood features and requirements and which involves large teams. Also, TPM is suitable for project that requires little change. APM is the preferred choice for unstructured projects. These kinds of projects have a high level of uncertainty and unpredictability about them. APM unlike TPM involves smaller projects.

Kite Runner Racism Essay

Racism plays important roles in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. The author uses racism to describe the characters and the culture represented in the stories. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses prejudice as a tool to tell this story of betrayal and redemption. He pursues his story with prejudice and racism in Afghanistan as well as in the United States. While the author uses individual characters to tell the story, he portrays the general attitudes and history associated with the characters’ Hazara and Pashtun ethnic origins and the conflicts that arise in Afghanistan. Throughout history and even while the story was taking place in the 70’s the US of A was going through their tough times with racism and prejudice thoughts and acts towards other ethnical groups such as the blacks, Asians and Latino’s. Although during this present era these racist acts and thoughts have been cut down and have been limited to just some states in the south as where in Afghanistan these prejudice acts still exist. Ali and Hassan represent the marginalized group in this story. They are considered by the ruling class to be of lesser value due to their ethnic origin, religious beliefs, appearance and social standing. The author gives us a glance of this when Amir reads about the harassment of, and attempted uprising of the Hazara, and how Amir’s people, the Pashtuns had: â€Å"†¦quelled them with unspeakable violence†. The disregard that people have for the Hazara is reinforced when Amir asks his teacher about what he has read and he responds by saying, â€Å"That’s one thing Shi’a people do well, passing themselves as martyrs†. Assef shows how internalized this hostility is when he says to Amir and Hassan, â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of the Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here†.

Qualitative critique predictors or success for NCLEX in nursing Essay

Qualitative critique predictors or success for NCLEX in nursing students - Essay Example Second, there are Associate Degrees in Nursing (ADN) programs that also require two years of full-time study. In addition to the nursing curriculum, they require general education courses to obtain an ADN. Third, there are Baccalaureate of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs that mandate four years of full time study. The BSN programs are university based programs and require general education courses in addition to the nursing classes. After the nursing program is successfully completed, the candidate is eligible to take the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX or NCLEX-RN). Since it was first administered in July of 1982 [1], the NCLEX has undergone many changes. It started as a two-day paper-and-pencil exam that tested each specialty area, such as medical, surgical, pediatrics, mental health, and women's health, separately. Next, the exam format was changed so that the specialties were blended together. However, it still was a two-day paper-and-pencil test. The most recent change occurred in 1994. At that time, the test was extended into a Computer-Adaptive Test (CAT) version. It is now given on computer and lasts an average of 3 to 4 hours. The CAT version has presented new challenges for nursing school graduates and faculty. Nursing graduaNursing graduates must be successful on NCLEX in order to practice nursing. There are three major reasons for higher education administrators and educators to be concerned about failure on NCLEX. A lower regional, state or national failure rate has an impact on the health care profession for two reasons: it decreases the number of graduates available to the workforce, and it increases the amount of time until the graduate is licensed and can actually contribute to the workforce and the profession [2]. The second reason is that lower pass rates reflect poorly on the nursing program at institutions of higher education and may ultimately mean budgetary cutbacks or program closure and waning nursing student enrollments. Students often choose programs accredited by the National League for Nursing [4] and programs with a reputation for high NCLEX pass rates. Nursing education programs in some USA states were reported to have a pass rate of at least 92.5% of the national average (National Board of Examiners for Registered Professional Nurses, 1999) during the period of 1991 to 2000. Faculty may experience frustration and concerns about the reputation of their programs based on licensure exam success or failure [5]. This has motivated faculty to identify factors related to the program, teaching or students contributing to NCLEX success or failure. A third reason for studying factors predicting NCLEX performance is the impact of failure on the self-esteem of the graduate and the implications for decreased professional self-confidence [2, 5] described feelings experienced by graduates who failed the NCLEX as anger, shame and despair. A review of the literature over the past 20 years reveals many studies relating to performance of graduates on the NCLEX. These studies fall into two categories: student characteristics and performance on the licensure examination and

Alternatives to Microsoft office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternatives to Microsoft office - Essay Example The most notable of alternative office software packages is the OpenOffice.org suite. OpenOffice.org is free to download, and is completely open source. It can be used freely for any reason, including commercial. The software will never expire, and the wording of the licensing agreement ensures that any user who downloads a free copy can never be charged for it even if there are later policy changes. The program is capable of opening and reading documents in most formats, including the standard .doc*, .ppt*, and .xls* file types, as well as saving files into pre-2007 formats and PDF documents. There is no capacity to save into the .*x format, but as the current Microsoft Office suite is backwards compatible to that format, even when sending files to other users this is a non-issue (OpenOffice.org). The Microsoft Word alternative, OpenOffice.org Writer, and the Powerpoint alternative, OpenOffice.org Impress, are nearly identical in features offered and ease of use. The layout is simil ar to pre-2007 Office and so feels comfortable and familiar to most users of the Office software bundle (OpenOffice.org). However, OpenOffice.org Calc and Base, the products comparative to Microsoft Excel and Access, leave much to be desired in calculating power and data analysis.

The life of Peter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The life of Peter - Research Paper Example During the life of Peter he faced accidental greetings, scenes which were divine and most importantly he faced refusal. Hence it is believed that the story of Peter in the bible is one of the greatest narrations that depict a transformation in the way of life. It has been observed that amongst all the twelve believers Jesus had during His rule on Earth, Peter is considered to be the most candid of all. Undoubtedly he was considered to be the part of the most gallant advocates of the belief. His birth was of a common man but the death was of a great apostle. It has been observed that the start of his life was very modest in origin. As mentioned earlier the original name of Peter was Simon. It was Jesus who improved his name to Peter. The name Peter has literally originated from the term Petra which means "rock". Peter was basically a fisherman from the Galilean times and is apparently the brother of Andrew. Peter and his brother are considered to have their origination from the settle ment of Bethsaida. It is said that Peter was also a follower of John (Baptist). He was married. Before he had experienced divinity was a corrupt and sinful man. The guilt of being sinful was seen at various occasions, especially when he was in the company of Jesus Christ. Peter and his brother Andrew have the honor of being the first believer. (Meyer, 35) Since the fishermen of that time were fierce, bold, fearless, hot tempered and often used abusive language all these aspects were also present in Peter. Since their job requires physical labor which had made them rough and tough. They were full of themselves and had a bossy attitude. Their life was rough and bold as they had encountered various ups and downs in life like storms and thunders which had shaped their personality. Peter before he had met Jesus was lost and did not have any goal in life. But once they found Jesus without any further thoughts they starting to believe Him and followed him. They did not question Jesus Chris t and left everything behind for the sake of being good humans and firm believers. Like I mentioned previously, peter was one of the first believers of Jesus Christ as well as he has the honor of being the spokesman of Jesus at various occasions irrespective of the good or the evil. The thing that separates Peter from any other disciple is the unique vision he possessed which was related to the image of Jesus. Jesus's title that is 'Son of the Living God – The Savior' was also given for the first time by this noble man. He was so humble and considered himself so guilty of the sins he did in his earlier life that he used to feel that he did not deserve to be in the company of such a holy man. The love Jesus had for his him and his brother made them distinct and the â€Å"fishers of men†. There were certain flaws that were associated with Peter. For instance, that the boldness Peter flaunted most of the times became wrong for him. It is said that once he scolded the God and claimed that he could even sacrifice his life for Jesus. Despite this when Jesus was arrested and trialed, Peter refused the Lord around three times. Jesus was insightful and he knew that among his disciples who is actually honest to him and who would ultimately cheat on him. Peter has the honor of witnessing many miracles associated with Jesus from his own eyes. Along with two other disciples he witnessed the Shekhinah Glory during the time of Transfiguration. This is considered to be the time when the humanity

The Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Vietnam War - Essay Example The Vietnam War was the long-drawn-out clash between pro-self-government forces endeavoring to amalgamate the nation of Vietnam under a communist administration and the United States, with the assistance of the Southern Vietnamese, struggling to thwart the blowout of communism. Involved in a conflict that many regarded as having no way for victory, U.S. leaders suffered the loss of the American community's cooperation for the war. From the time when the war ended, the Vietnam War has turned out to be a point of reference for what one should not do in all forthcoming U.S. external battles. The Vietnam War was an era during the Cold War period of great military divergence that happened in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos and lasted from 1955 to the plummet of Saigon in 1975. This war came after the First Indochina War. It was a fight between North Vietnam, reinforced by its communist allies, and the administration of South Vietnam, where the United States and other anti-communist nations reinforced it. Like many wars fought during this time, the reason for it was mainly the division of a desire for communism, and the desire for democracy. It was known to be a war much â€Å"tougher than-and different from-World War II and Korea.† The foremost military establishments tangled in the conflict were the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, also known as ARVN and the U.S. military on one side, and the Vietnam People's Army or VPA also known as the North Vietnamese Army or NVA), and the Viet Cong, or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), a communist paramilitary group in South Vietnam, on the other side. There had been a lot of hostility in Vietnam for a long period of time before the Vietnam War started. The Vietnamese people had undergone suffering from the French colonial ruling for almost sixty long years when eventually, Japan conquered parts of Vietnam in 1940. It was a year later when Vietnam had two external supremacies dominating them, that communist Vietnamese avant-garde leader Ho Chi Minh came to Vietnam in return after expending roughly three decades travelling the world. Once Ho Chi Minh was now back in Vietnam, he started centers of operations in a cave in the northern part of Vietnam and founded the Viet Minh, whose purpose was to divest Vietnam from the Japanese and French inhabitants. Having increased support for their goal in Northern Vietnam, the Viet Minh proclaimed the formation of a self-governing Vietnam with a new administration named the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the September of 1945. However, the French colonists were not disposed to hand over the ir colony so effortlessly and fought back. For many years, Ho Chi Minh had endeavored to ingratiate the United States to back him up as opposed to the French, such as supplying the United States with military intellect concerning the Japanese throughout World War II. Notwithstanding this assistance, the United States was completely devoted to their Cold War external policy of suppression, which meant averting the increasing spread of Communism. Ho Chi Minh, aware of this, did not want to draw the United States into the conflict. The Americans, though, could not allow their client state to fall and the road to war began. (Wiest 16) The â€Å"domino theory† of the United States, which specified that if one nation in

Ang Lee's 'chinese authenticity' in his transnational films Essay

Ang Lee's 'chinese authenticity' in his transnational films - Essay Example ‘Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon’ has received criticisms by Chinese audience and film scholars concerning its authenticity as a Chinese martial arts film. Looking at the film, its settings and the locations are all Chinese and its source of material is a famous series of Chinese pulp novels of the early 20th century. Yuen Wong-Ping’s martial arts chemotherapy use in the film is an excellent tradition of cinema in Hong Kong. In addition, all its actors are ethnically Chinese including major stars in East Asia. However, despite all these features, the Chinese audiences do not seem to connect to Ang Lee’s vision. They feel that the film does not reflect Chinese culture. Criticisms According to Wang and Yeh (175), Chinese audience claim that the film contains all that is Chinese as well as exotic identity. Elements of westernization are present in the film despite a total exclusion of West form in the film’s narrative. Chinese culture is a traditional cu lture and therefore it is designed to stability unlike the western culture designed for change and growth. However, Ang Lee has made a blending of Western psychological drama and Eastern fiction hence making the movie hybridized. Chinese culture is a fictional one yet Ang Lee’s ‘Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon’ has some emotional attachment due to the styles employed in the film. Critics feel that the film should not have contained elements of westernization for it to qualify as a Chinese film. The film has failed to be a symbol of Chinese culture due to the intercultural viewpoint of Ang Lee. For example Ang Lee has also failed to bring out actual Chinese values in the film. Instead, he has made a mix up of the Chinese and western values in the film by allowing some of the characters to poses and capitalize on western cultural values. In the western culture, the pursuit of happiness and individualism are highly valued. On the contrary, Chinese culture values mora lity and collectivism over individuality, and condemns the pursuit of personal happiness at the expense of others. Taking Jen as an example, the western viewers are more likely to praise her because of her qualities of strong will, independence and strength. They are also likely to perceive her as being a free person. Coming to the Chinese audience, their perception of Jen definitely differs because of the way she brings out her characters of strong will, independence and strength contradicts the Chinese cultural expectations. Holding to a strong Confucian point of view, the Chinese have criticized her for being excessively cunning and morally corrupt. This is opposed to their views on Sulian whom they say she is noble and mature enough to control her feelings. According to them, this is proper of Chinese people (Wang and Yeh 177). Some audiences have complained that the use of special effects made the work too look fake and hence a misrepresentation of the actual situation in the C hinese culture and actual Chinese Kung Fu. The movie has been produced as a Chinese martial art film. This means that the language used by he actors, including the accent, should be clearly understandable to Chinese-speaking audience. However, the accent of the leading actors bothers some Chinese-speaking audience. All the four main actors used varied accents for example Chang Chen spoke using a Taiwanese accent. Ang Lee has also been criticized by insisting on the use of Mandarin yet some of the actors were

William the conqueror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William the conqueror - Essay Example This paper studies the reforms initiated by William the Conqueror and its impact on England. William was the son of the Duke of Normandy and appointed to take his father’s place during the latter’s journey to the holy land. His young life was marked by chastity and piety as his character became strong due to the circumstances of that time era. As Normandy descended into anarchy, he became an invincible and feared military defeat for his victories in the battlefield. During the 1040s, as France was threatened by civil war, he won important military victories at Alen and Domfront. He became the undisputed master of the French province of Maine. His fiefdom was the most powerful one in France which even managed to defy the French king. In 1066, he claimed the throne of England which was challenged by Harold Godwinson. William appeared with a huge army of Normans where the famous Battle of Hastings was fought in which he was victorious1. The conquest of England led to the domination of the land, people and government by the Normans. Permission was also given to build castles which would help protect the Norman nobility from attacks. William established his government with the qualities of a statesman. He also needed to enforce his laws with an iron fist to prevent the English from rebelling against Norman authority. One of his greatest achievements was the comprehensive manuscript which became known as the Doomsday Book. This book carried out a census of the people living within the territories of William the conqueror. This census was also carried to initiate a new system of taxation which would help to fund the government of William the conqueror. William also introduced heavy taxes which did not prevent people from looking at him with a negative light. The English people looked towards William as their protector from feudal oppression2. One of William’s most bitter legacies was the forest laws3. William

Style of Chinese Negotiation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Style of Chinese Negotiation - Case Study Example In forming such joint venture arrangements, the challenges the Chinese business negotiations pose is so great that there had been instances that many a number of business deals between China and other western countries including USA had failed because of poor negotiations. As John Graham and Mark Lam (2003) see this is because often "Americans see Chinese negotiators as inefficient, indirect and even dishonest, while the Chinese see American negotiators as aggressive, impersonal and excitable". Differences in the management style and problems in negotiations have deep cultural origins. Despite these hindrances, it is possible to win the negotiations with Chinese businessmen, provided a clear understanding of the social, cultural and economic aspects of the negotiation with Chinese entrepreneurs is evolved. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the intricacies of Chinese negotiations including the cultural background of such negotiations. The paper also deals with the influence of Confucian traits like hierarchy, harmony and faces on communication, characteristics of communication and the Chinese perception of negotiation. Further the paper will also discuss the challenges the Chinese negotiation process poses for managing the international business in China. 2.0 Literature Review: A number of studies had been conducted in the area of business negotiations of the Sino - Western and Sino - American joint venture arrangements. These studies which started around the 1980s have made an in-depth study into the peculiarities of the negotiations of business deals with Chinese government and businessmen. Most important studies have been conducted by Blackman 1997; Chen 1993; Davidson 1987; Deverge 1986; Fang 1999; Frankenstein 1986; Lee and Lo 1988; Pye 1982; Stewart & Keown 1989; Tung 1982. The primary objective of these studies is to bring out an exhaustive narration of the socio-cultural implications of the negotiations with the Chinese and the intricacies thereof. It cannot be said that these studies have completely made the recommendations for the successful negotiation of business deals with the Chinese business empires. An abstract of these studies is detailed in the following sections. 3.0 Role of Culture in Chinese Negotiation: The Chinese culture which is 5000 years old has large influence on their business negotiations. The rural origin of a majority of the people has made them to retain their agrarian values. Social and economic theories attached more importance to the agricultural base rather than commerce and business. Because of the rural base, the human values assumed more prominence in the negotiations than the business profits and gains. John Graham and Mark Lam (2003) say that "Chinese negotiators are more concerned with the means than the end; with the process more than the goal." 'Morality' is the next aspect of culture that greatly affects the Chinese negotiations. Confucianism, which is a 2500 years ancient Chinese philosophical tradition, makes morality the all pervasive factor throughout the negotiation process. For coherence sake, the detailed discussion on 'Confucianism' is included in the section on Chinese Business Culture. The Chinese

Long Form Journalism writing ( see instruction) Article - 1

Long Form Journalism writing ( see instruction) - Article Example To some people, their extreme conviction and dedication in participating the church’s evangelical mission, and in thanksgiving to God seemed like a big mystery. Why are they doing it like a robot? Why are they giving too much dedication not just in thanksgiving God, but in attending all worship services and evangelical missions? In an interview with a church member, he replied, â€Å"we give much importance to our worship services because it is a duty God is waiting for us to fulfill. We have so many reasons to thank God. We were awakened from false teachings of our former religions, and we were given the right to belong to His chosen people in these last days. We doesn’t care even if we miss great opportunities, we doesn’t care even if we can’t report to our office work. What’s most important to us is that we could fulfill God’s given task to us. Our annual thanksgiving is another duty in praising God for all the blessings He is pouring on the entire church, and in the individual member’s lives. We treat everything as God’s gift: life, opportunities, peace, we could not achieve it on our own struggle. That is why we always cling to God, and we believe in His promise of eternal life.† From their issue of God’s Message, their magazine, published on May 2004. There is an article about the Brother Felix Manalo as God’s messenger. Looking backward to the history of the church, it has started in the Philippines by Bro. Felix Y. Manalo(1886-1963). Manalo was born on May 10, 1886, 10 years prior to the Philippine Revolution that ended the 400-year of Spanish colonialism. The church’s members believe that he is the fulfillment of biblical prophecies concerning God’s â€Å"chosen servant† from the â€Å"ends of the earth† mentioned in Is. 41:9-10 and the â€Å"angel ascending from the east† entrusted with the task of sealing the â€Å"servants of God† mentioned in Rev. 7:2-3. He was the eldest child of

Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

Nights Dream Essay Task: Discuss the importance of magic in A Midsummer Nights Dream 10c1 English Coursework Magic is probably the main theme in A Midsummer Nights Dream. It plays a vital and extensive role in each story line. Each time Shakespeare uses magic, there is an important if subtle consequence. Shakespeare explores many aspects of magic, including how it causes problems and how it solves them. Magic is often used by Shakespeare to support and implement the comedic sections of the play. Before I explore the importance of magic in the play, I must explore magic itself,as it means different things to different people and to different cultures. Magic is defined in the dictionary as Any art that invokes supernatural powers. However, to other people and the majority of religions, magic is an evil force within the world, practiced by sinners and wrong doers. This seems to be the main view of the society Shakespeare lived in. However, nowadays magic is generally not believed in. This seems to be Shakespeares point of view; this can be seen by his use of magic to create a comedic and mischievous though certainly not evil- atmosphere throughout the play. In this way, Shakespeare could be seen as a writer ahead of his time. The effects of magic in A Midsummer Nights Dream may have been influenced by the social attitude of the Elizabethan era. During Elizabethan times magic unlike today was widely believed in. It was considered a crime to practise magic and was an offence punishable by law. People (usually single women) were executed if they were suspected of committing this crime. I think that this may have influenced Shakespeare to make magic have such a dramatic and often catastrophic effect. An example of the disastrous effects of magic is when Robin Goodfellow pours the love potion in the wrong mans eye, causing him to fall in love with another woman. This shows us that magic often has devastating and consequential effects, which affect the play as a whole. It also insinuates that magic might be a devious, if not evil, force. Magic plays a large and indispensable part in the plays main plot, with the lovers. Magic is actually used to structure the main story line. This can be seen where Oberon says: A sweet lady is in love/ With a disdainful youth: anoint his eyes -/ But do it when the next thing he espies/ May be the lady This shows us that magic is an extremely significant theme throughout the play. There would have been no main plot, had Robin Goodfellow not anointed the wrong mans eye with the love potion. Magic also plays an essential part in many of the subplots. This can be seen where Bottoms head is turned into that of an ass. Titania is then made to love him through magic. This suggests that magic is crucial to make the play the comedy that it is. These subplots can seem slightly insignificant and trivial at times, however, they all merge to create a gripping and interesting story. Magic is also used to solve or correct the problems at the end of the play. This can be seen where Shakespeare writes Jack shall have Jill; / Nought shall go ill: / The man shall have his mare again and all shall be well This can also be seen in Pucks final speech, for example Think but this and all is mended The lovers are all as they were except Demetrius who now loves Helena (though this is a good thing); Bottoms head is restored etc. These, when combined form the resolution/conclusion of the play. Without the use of magic, normality would not have been restored. The play would not have had a proper ending. This supports my opinion that magic plays a fundamental and imperative part in the play. Magic is also used to make the lovers happy. Demetrius is made to fall in love with Helena. Consequently, Hermia can marry Lysander, with whom she is in love. This also makes up a critical part of the conclusion another main role. Magic affects the environmental setting in the play. This can be seen when Titania says Therefore the winds, piping to us in void/As in revenge for having sucked up the sea This shows us that the whole of nature has been set off balance by a mere argument between the rulers of the fairies. This shows us the intensity and extent to which magic influences the setting and design of the play. The name of the play, itself suggests the importance of magic. The reference to midsummer at first does not seem significant to the story. Why, then, did Shakespeare include it in the title? The reference to midsummer is actually an inconspicuous clue of the events in the play. Midsummer is widely considered to be a time of magic and mystery. Such tales of fortune personified walking on Earth support this. The fact that this play is set in midsummer contributes to the mysterious effect created by Shakespeare. This seems to be a direct and deliberate indication of magic, before you have even read the first word. Another hint of the content of A Midsummer Nights Dream is the use of the word dream. Dreams are also widely considered to be a magical aspect of life. They are often interpreted and read by those who believe in magic. This, again, seems to suggest that magic will play a crucial role in the play. Even the word night could be interpreted as a reference to magic. Often especially in older writings magic plays a more vital role during the night, i. e. the hours of darkness. This is another obvious hint of magic, situated by Shakespeare before the play begins. This further reference to magic implements the role of magic as a theme in A Midsummer Nights Dream and highlights its criticality to the story as a whole. In fact, Shakespeare actually seems to personify magic. After all, what is Puck? A mischievous being of magic that invokes supernatural events. This again is evidence of the importance of magic. Puck is often the character to inflict magic upon others resulting in a catastrophic yet comedic effect. Without the use of Pucks magic, the lovers would not have ended up falling in love with the wrong people, and as this is the main storyline in A Midsummer Nights Dream I think this is one of the most significant roles that magic plays and proves its necessity to the play. Magic, is therefore a significant factor of A Midsummer Nights Dream. It is woven into most of the subplots and plays an extremely important role in the main plot. In my opinion, it would have been impossible for Shakespeare to have written this play without including magic. Therefore, magic is almost definitely the most important and essential theme of the A Midsummer Nights Dream. Shakespeare impresses this significance on us using all of the story lines in the play. It affects nature, physical appearance and even the mind. Magic is used both positively and negatively throughout the story. It is often the cause of problems, but ultimately it solves them.

The Ferranti Effect

The Ferranti Effect As the length of the line increases specially in extra high voltage (EHV) lines, beyond 200km, we observe a phenomenon called Ferranti Effect in no load or low load conditions. This is due to the fact that as the line length increases the capacitance of the line increases, and the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power in the line. Since there is no load or low load to consume that excessive power, this results in excessive reactive power in the line and hence the receiving end voltage gets higher than the sending end voltage. This rise in voltage may well go beyond the operative ratings of the terminal and hence might give rise to many cascading events damaging the equipments. The continuous increase of the voltage of transmission, line length and number of sub-conductors per bundle has emphasized the importance of the excessive line MVAR in EHV systems as well as associated voltage and reactive controls. During the line charging volt-amperes of the line which have exceeded the inductive VARs consumed and operation at light loads, there is an undesirable voltage rises along the line. This voltage rise in turn demands a much higher insulation level, which poses a great problem. Moreover, if the insulation against these over-voltages were to be provided in the system, then the cost of the line becomes enormous. To overcome this phenomenon, shunt reactors are required to be installed at optimized location to absorb the excessive reactive power. Though this solution has a financial cost, but this is inevitable, since the load is a random variable and the generation of the power cannot be exactly planned for sudden tripping off of the loads. Aims and objectives: The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the Ferranti effect for long length transmission lines using PowerWorld simulations on a radial system. The following are the key objectives covered in this project. Impact by varying Line lengths: Investigate the system behavior regarding Ferranti effect with different transmission line lengths. This was done by investigating the profile of the effect for long length lines and hence distributed models were considered for this analysis. 2-Impact by varying loading levels: Since Ferranti effect is the phenomenon where receiving end voltage (Loads) is lower than sending end, it was important to look into the loading factor by varying the loading levels for different line lengths. 3- Investigation for optimum load levels to avoid effect: A series of experiments were done to find the minimum values of load required for varied line lengths in order to avoid Ferranti Effect and to contain the terminal voltage near 1p.u. 4- Minimum ratings for reactors for compensation: With a varied number of simulations and experiments, the minimum ratings of required reactors have been realized in order to maintain optimized terminal ratings at receiving end. Scope of thesis: This thesis will commence with an overview of the problems encountered with EHV long transmission line. This would be followed up by a literature review that covers the research of useful background theories. The result from the performed simulations will be discussed in detail. Finally, some recommendation for future works in this area of research. Chapter 2. INTRODUCTION TO TXN LINES: The electric lines which are used to carry electric waves are called transmission lines. The transmission line parameters like inductance and capacitance are not separable unlike the lumped circuits. The transmission parameters are distributed all along the length of the transmission line. Hence the method of analyzing the transmission lines is different from analyzing the lumped circuits. In the analysis of the transmission line, only steady state currents and voltages are concerned. The analysis includes the measurement of current and voltages at any length of the line, when a known voltage is applied at one end of the transmission line. The end at which the voltages are applied is called sending end and the end at which the signals are received is called receiving end of the transmission line. 2.1-transmission line parameters: For the analysis and design of transmission lines, it is important to have knowledge of electric circuit parameters, associated with the transmission lines. Various electric parameters associated with the transmission lines are as below, 1-Resistance: Depending upon the cross sectional area of the conductors, the transmission lines has resistance associated with them. The resistance is uniformly distributed all along the transmission line. Its total value depends upon the total length of the transmission line. Hence its value is given per unit length of the transmission line. It is denoted as R and is given in ohms per unit length. 2- Inductance: When the conductors carry the current, the magnetic flux is produced around the conductors. It depends upon the magnitude of the current flowing throw the conductors. The flux linkages per ampere of the current, gives rise to the effect called inductance of the transmission line. It is also distributed all along the length of the transmission line. It is denoted as L and measured in Henry per unit length of the transmission line. 3- Capacitance: The transmission lines consist of two parallel conductors or single line w.r.t earth separated by dielectric like air. Such conductors separated by an insulating dielectric produce a capacitive effect. Due to this, there exists a capacitance associated with the transmission line which is also distributed all along the length of the conductor. It is denoted as C and measured in Farads per unit length of the transmission line. 4- Conductance: The dielectric between the conductors is not perfect. Hence a very small amount of current flows through the dielectric called displacement current. This is nothing but leakage current and this gives rise to the leakage conductance associated with the transmission line. It exists between the conductors and is distributed all along the transmission line. It is denoted as G and measured as mho per unit length of the line. Thus the four important parameters of the transmission line are R, L, C and G. as the current flows from one conductor and complete the path through other conductor, the resistance of both the wires is included when specifying the resistance per unit length of the line. These line parameters are constant and are called the primary constants of the transmission line. Revisit snaps(4-16(1)) 2.2-performance equation of long transmission line: kundar book We can analyze the performance of the line on per phase basis. The relationship between current and voltage along the one phase of the line in terms of distributed parameters can be seen in the FIG below = series impedance per unit length/phase. = shunt admittance per unit length/phase. = length of the line. The voltages and current in the figure are the phasors representing sinusoidal time varying quantities. For a differential section of the line of length at a distance from receiving end, the differential voltage can be given as . hence (2.1) The differential current flowing through shunt admittance can be given as Similarly (2.2) Differentiating eq 1 and 2 yeilds (2.3) and (2.4) Now for the general equation for voltage and current at distance x from receiving end, if the receiving end voltage and current are known, can be given as (2.5) (2.6) Whereas this is called characteristic impedance. and = = this is called propagation constant. The constant and are complex quantities. The real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Now the first term in eq.5 increase in magnitude and advances in phase as the distance increases. This term is called incident voltage. While the second term in eq.5 decreases in magnitude and distorts in phase from receiving end towards sending end, this term is called reflected voltage. At any point along the line the voltage is the sum of incident and reflected voltage. The same is true for eq.6 . If a line is terminated at its characteristic impedance , then there is no reflected voltage and the line is called a flat line or infinite line. For a typical power line, G is practically zero and R Zc = = (2.7) = = (2.8) If losses are completely neglected the is a real number and is an imaginary number. Similarly for a lossless line eq.5 and 6 can be simplified as (2.9) (2.10) The voltage and current vary harmonically along the line length. A full cycle of voltage and current along the line length corresponds to 2 radians. If is the phase shift in radians per meter, the wavelength in meters is (2.11) 2.3-Equivalent circuit representation of long transmission line: A line with length more than 160km is considered a long transmission line and the parameters are assumed to be distributed uniformly along the line as a result of which the currents and voltages would vary from point to point. Let us consider the figure below series impedance per unit length shunt admittance per unit length length of the line total series impedance total shunt admittance The elemental equivalent of the above figure can be redrawn as follows. For analysis purpose we take receiving end as reference for measuring the distance. Assume we have an elemental length at the distance of x from the receiving end. If the voltage and current at distance x are and, so at the distance of so the voltage and current becomes + and + respectively. 2.12 By manipulating above equations Similarly 2.13 With above can be written as 2.14 And 2.15 By differentiating eq 2.14 2.16 The solution of eq 2.16 is 2.17 From eq 2.14 and 2.16 2.18 Where is the characteristic impedance and is the propagation constant. Eq 2.17 and 2.18 can be written as 2.19 2.20 If receiving end voltage and current are known then Substituting above values in eq 8 and 9 Again substituting values of A and B in eq 2.19 and 2.20 2.21 2.22 Since and are the voltage and current at any point distance x from receiving end as evident from expression and (magnitude and phase) are functions of distance , receiving end voltage and receiving end current , which means that they vary as we move from receiving end towards sending end. Now the quantities and are complex For a lossless line; When dealing with high frequencies or surges normally the losses are neglected and the characteristic impedance becomes surge impedance. Due to large capacitance and lower inductance in the cables the surge impedance values can be very low. For = = the real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Eq 2.11 can be written as 2.23 The first term in the above expression is called incident voltage wave and its value increases as x is increased. Since receiving end is our reference end and as x increases the value of voltage increases meaning the magnitude of voltage decreases as it travel towards the receiving end. Thats why the first part of expression is called incident voltage and the second is called reflected voltage for the similar reason. Same can be said about the current expression as well. Voltage and current expressions can be rearranged as below 2.24 And for current 2.25 For , and 2.26 2.27 The above derived quantities are related by the general equations 2.28 2.29 Where are such that Compairing the coefficients of above expression with eq 2.28 and 2.29 From this it is clear that 2.3.1-Equivalent representation: Considering the same two terminal condition with sending and receiving end voltage and current, the network can be represented as figure below. From the above network we can derive the following expressions 2.30 2.31 By comparing eq 2.30 and 2.31 with eq 2.26 and 2.27 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 From eq 2.33 we can derive We can conclude from this that to get the series impedance should be multiplied with . Now to get the shunt arm of equivalent circuit we substitute in eq 2.32 Here is the total shunt admittance. So to get the total shunt arm of the equivalent th eshunt arm of the nominal should be multiplied with , so the equivalent circuit can be drawn as below. 2.3.2 Equivalent representation of long line: A similar derivation of equivalent circuit can be, the equivalent circuit can be represented as Figure below. By analyzing the circuit following expression can be extracted 2.36 2.37 Comparing eq 2.36, 2.37 with 2.26, 2.27. 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 Now using eq 2.40 for shunt branch of equivalent circuit we get, Therefore its evident that to get the shunt branch of equivalent circuit, we have to multiply with the shunt branch of nominal circuit. For series impedance eq 2.40 is substituted in eq 2.38, which gives So here we get the factor for multiplication with nominal circuit to get equivalent circuit impedance. And the resultant circuit can be drawn as figure below. 2.4-Fundamental requirements in ac power transmission: Bulk transmission of electrical power by ac in possible only if the following two fundamental requirements are satisfied. Major synchronous machines must remain stable in synchronism: The major synchronous machines in a transmission system are the generators which are incapable of operating usefully other than in synchronism with all the others. And this also is the fundamental of stability. Voltages must be kept near to their rated values: The second main requirement in ac transmission is the maintenance of correct voltage levels. Power systems are not inherently tolerant of abnormal voltages even for short periods. Undervoltage: this is generally associated with heavy loading and/or shortage of generation, causes degradation in the performance of loads. In heavy loaded systems, undervoltage may be an indication that the load is approaching the steady state stability limit. Sudden undervoltages can result from the connection of very large loads. Over voltages: this is a dangerous condition because of the risk of flashover or the breakdown of insulation. Over voltages arise from several causes. The reduction of load during certain parts of the daily load cycle causes a gradual voltage rise. Uncontrolled, this overvoltage would shorten the useful life of insulation even if the breakdown level were not reached. Sudden overvoltage can result from the disconnection of loads or other equipment, while overvoltages of extreme rapidly and severity can be caused by the line switching operation, faults and lightning. In the long transmission line this would limit the power transfer and the transmission distance if no compensating measures were taken. Chapter 3 compensated/uncompensated lines 3.1-Charging current in lines: Despite being able to avoid wire resistance through the use of superconductors in this thought experiment, we cannot eliminate capacitance along the wires lengths. Any pair of conductors separated by an insulating medium creates capacitance between those conductors: (Figure ) Voltage applied between two conductors creates an electric field between those conductors. Energy is stored in this electric field, and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in voltage. The reaction of a capacitance against changes in voltage is described by the equation i = C(de/dt), which tells us that current will be drawn proportional to the voltages rate of change over time. Thus, when the switch is closed, the capacitance between conductors will react against the sudden voltage increase by charging up and drawing current from the source. According to the equation, an instant rise in applied voltage (as produced by perfect switch closure) gives rise to an infinite charging current. However, the current drawn by a pair of parallel wires will not be infinite, because there exists series impedance along the wires due to inductance. (Figure below) Remember that current through any conductor develops a magnetic field of proportional magnitude. Energy is stored in this magnetic field, (Figure below) and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in current. Each wire develops a magnetic field as it carries charging current for the capacitance between the wires, and in so doing drops voltage according to the inductance equation e = L(di/dt). This voltage drop limits the voltage rate-of-change across the distributed capacitance, preventing the current from ever reaching an infinite magnitude: Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance and inductance. The effect of capacitance of an overhead transmission line above 160km long is taken into consideration for all calculations. The effect of the line capacitance is to produce a current called charging current. This current will be in quadrate of the applied voltage. It flows through the line even if the receiving end is open-circuited. The charging current of the open circuit line is referred to as the amount of current flowing into the line from sending end to receiving end where there is no load. In many cases, the total charging current of the line is determined by multiplying the total admittance of the line by the receiving end of the voltage. This would be correct if the entire length of line has the same voltage as that of receiving end voltage. However this method of finding the charging current is sufficiently accurate for most lines. The actual value of the charging current will decrease uniformly from its maximum value at sending end to the minimum value at receiving end. Due to the charging current, there will be power loss in the line even the line is open circuited. 3.2-Surge Impedance Loading (sil pdf) As power flows along a transmission line, there is an electrical phase shift, which increases with distance and with power flow. As this phase shift increases, the system in which the line is embedded can become increasingly unstable during electrical disturbances. Typically, for very long lines, the power flow must be limited to what is commonly called the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of the line. (dr) or SIL is defined as the amount of power delivered by a lossless transmission line when terminated by a load resistance equal to surge or characteristics impedance. Surge Impedance Loading is equal to the product of the end bus voltages divided by the characteristic impedance of the line. Since the characteristic impedance of various HV and EHV lines is not dissimilar, the SIL depends approximately on the square of system voltage. A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading: (i) Has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and (ii) Will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length. (dr) with load at the receiving end equal to SIL. Volts (3.1) It is clear from the equation that voltage magnitude at any point along the transmission line is constant with the magnitude equal to the receiving end voltage. Also, at SIL the general expression for current can be rewritten as . Amperes (3.2) Using (3.1) and (3.2), the complex power flowing at any point along the transmission line can be calculated as. (3.3) Hence, the amount of real power flowing along a lossless transmission line loaded at SIL is constant as expected. Also, noticed that the reactive power flowing in the line is zero. This point is crucial in understanding the phenomenon called Ferranti effect. When the line is terminated at SIL the net reactive power needed to deliver the real power by keeping the voltage constant is zero. In other words, the reactive power internally produced by shunt capacitance is just sufficient to fulfill reactive power required. However, when the loading conditions change from SIL or moderate loading to light load to heavy load, there will be imbalance in reactive power required to transmit the real power. In the absence of devices to control and compensate for reactive power, situation could result in lack or surplus of reactive power. Hence, create a low or high voltage profile, respectively in the receiving end of the transmission line. Typically, stability limits may determine the maximum allowable power flow on lines that are more than 160 km in length. For very long lines, the power flow limitation may be less than the SIL as shown in Table 0-1. Stability limits on power flow can be as low as 20% of the line thermal limit. Typical stability limits as a function of system voltage are given in table below: 3.3-The uncompensated line on open circuit: tjmiller The lossless line that is energized by the generators at the sending end and is open circuited at the receiving end is described by following equation with . 3.4 And 3.5 Voltage and current at the sending end can be given as 3.6 3.7 and are in phase, which is in consistent , with the fact that there is no power transfer. The phasor diagram shown in the figure. The voltage and current profiles in equation 1 and 2 are more conveniently expressed in terms of . 3.8 Phasor diagram of uncompensated line on open-circuit Voltage and current profile at no load condition. The general form of these profiles shown in fig 3.5 above. For a line 300km in the length at 50Hz, 3600 60 per 100km, so à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=6*3=180. Then and based on the SIL. The voltage rise on open circuit is called Ferranti Effect. Although the voltage rise of 5% seems small, the charging current is appreciable and in such a line it must all be supplied by the generator, which is forced to run at leading power factor, for which it must be underexcited. The reactive power absorption capability of a synchronous machine is limited for two main reasons The heating of the ends of the stator core increases during the under excited operation. The reduced field currents results in reduced internal emf of the machine and this weakens the stability. Note that a line for which à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼=à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¹/2 has a length of ÃŽÂ »/4 (one quarter length wavelength, i.e, 1500km at 50Hz) producing an infinite voltage rise. Operation of any line approaching this length is completely impractical without some means of compensation. In case of the sudden open-circuit of the line at the receiving end, the sending end voltage tends to rise immediately to open-circuit voltage of the sending end generators, which exceeds the terminal voltage by approximately the voltage drop due to the prior current flowing in their short circuit reactances. 3.4-Compensated transmission lines: Reactive power compensation means the application of reactive devices To produce a substantially flat voltage profile at all levels of power transmission. To improve stability by increasing the maximum transmissible power, and/or To supply the reactive power requirements in the most economical way. Ideally the compensation would modify the surge impedance by modifying the capacitive and/or inductive reactances of the line, so as to produce a virtual surge impedance loading that was always equal to the actual power being transmitted. Yet this is not sufficient to ensure the stability of the transmission, which depends also on the electrical line length. The electrical length can itself be modified by the compensation to have a virtual à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½shorter than the uncompensated value, resulting in an increase in the steady state stability limit This consideration suggests two broad classification scheme, Surge impedance compensation and line length compensation. Line length compensation in particular is associated with series capacitors used in long distance transmission. Another compensation is called compensation by sectioning, which is achieved by connecting constant voltage compensators at intervals along the line. The maximum transmissible power is that of the weakest section but since this is necessarily shorter than the whole line, an increase in maximum power and , therefore , in stability can expected. 3.4.1-Passive and active compensators: Passive compensators include shunt reactors and capacitors and series capacitors. They modify the inductance and capacitance of the line. Apart from the switching, they are uncontrolled and incapable of continuous variation. For example, shunt reactors are used to compensate the line capacitance to limit voltage rise at the light load or no load condition. They increase the virtual surge impedance and reduce the virtual natural load Shunt capacitor may be used to augment the capacitance of the line under heavy loading. They generate reactive power which tend to boost the voltage. They reduce the virtual surge impedance and increase . Series capacitors are used for line length compensation. A measure of surge impedance compensation may be necessary in conjunction with series capacitors, and this may be provided by shunt reactors or by a dynamic compensator. Active compensators are usually shunt connected devices which have the property of tending to maintain a substantially constant voltage at their terminals. They do this by generating or absorbing precisely the required amount of corrective reactive power in response to any small variation of voltage at their point of connection. They are usually capable of continuous variation and rapid response. Active compensators may be applied either for surge impedance compensation or for compensation by sectioning. In compensation they are capable of all the functions performed by fixed shunt reactors and capacitors and have additional advantages of continuous variability with rapid response. Compensation by sectioning is fundamentally different in that it is possible only with active compensators, which must be capable of virtually immediate response to the smallest variation in power transmission or voltage. The table below summarizes the classification of the main type of compensators according to their usual functions. 3.4.2-Shunt compensation: Shunt reactors are used to limit the voltage rise at the light load or no load conditions. On long transmission they may be distributed at intermediate substations in shown in figure below voltage and current profile of shunt compensated system at no load. Consider the simple circuit above in figure, it has a single shunt reactor of reactance at the receiving end and a pure voltage source at the sending end. The receiving end voltage can be given as 3.9 3.10 Equation 7 shows that and are in phase, in keeping with the fact that the real power is zero. For receiving end voltage to be equal to sending end voltage , must be given by 3.11 The sending end current can be given as 3.12 using equation 3.9 and 3.11 3.13 Since , this means that the generator at the sending end behaves exactly like the shunt reactor at the receiving end in that both absorb the same amount of reactive which is evident from equation below. 3.14 Chapter 4 Ferrenti effect 4.1 Ferranti effect: A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon. Another way of explaining Ferranti effect is based on net reactive power flow in the line. It is known that if the net reactive power generated in lie is more than the reactive power absorbed, the voltage at that point in the line becomes higher than the normal value and vice versa. The inductive reactance behaves like a sink in the line whereas the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power. If the line loading corresponds to the surge impedance loading, the voltage is same everywhere as reactive power absorbed in the line is equal to the reactive power generated. If the loading is less than SIL, generated power is more than generated power absorbed, therefore, the receiving end voltage is higher than sending end voltage. The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. Represent line by equivalent model. And the vector diagram can be given as OM = receiving end voltage Vr OC = Current drawn by capacitance = Ic MN = Resistance drop NP = Inductive reactance drop Therefore; OP = Sending end voltage at no load and is less than receiving end voltage (Vr) Since, resistance is small compared to reactance; resistance can be neglected in calculating Ferranti effect. From model, For open circuit, no load, There fore Or Or By neglecting resistance The quantity is constant in all line and is equal to velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves (= 3 ÃÆ'- 102 km/sec) By substituting the values in the above derived equation And And finally From the above equation So or Receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this effect is called Ferranti Effect . 5.1, fig 4.10,4.6,4.4,4.2,4.1,3.5,3.4,2.1 Chapter 5 results and discussion Results and discussions: To simulate for my analysis, a radial system in the following figure was modeled as test system. Practical industrial data was acquired from Queensland Electric Commission which follows the Australian standard for conductors and enforces the transmission and distribution company to follow the standards. This acquisition was important to incorporate for more realistic analysis and observe the phenomenon as it is appeared in the real life transmission systems. Conductor types for the simulation were chosen from the provided list

Talent Management At Standard Chartered Bank Management Essay

Talent Management At Standard Chartered Bank Management Essay The systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organization.. (from Talent Management: Understanding the dimensions, CIPD 2006, www.cipd.co.uk/researchinsights) Talent management is a dynamic process that has to be continuously reviewed to ensure that organizational requirements are still being met in the light of changing business priorities. (from Talent Management, CIPD 2007, www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres) There is no single definition of the concept of talent management pays each organization to find a meaning to fit the specific needs and circumstances, and I think that this is the first point to develop a strategy to manage the talent within the organization.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ My reading of the evidence of the case study (and talent for numbers) contained in this paper the task, can I draw a table that match between talent management at Standard Chartered Bank, and some of the features of SHRM.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ In the last decade of the last century a growing awareness of the value of human goals and means in the development system, and therefore become more frequent studies, research and conferences held to define the concept of human development and analysis of components and dimensions, basic needs, social development, human capital formation, or raise the standard of living or improve the quality of life. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Human resources development (the process is to increase the knowledge, skills and abilities of the workforce capable of operating in all areas, which are picked up and selected, in light of the different tests in order to raise the level of productive efficiency to the fullest extent possible.)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Talent Management at Standard Chartered Bank Features of SHRM And talent management programmer is to collect information about the workforce in the bank in all parts of the world, showing that there is a need for help, or if the resources are used well. SHRM increase the flow of information on job opportunities, goals and organizational objectives. SHRM Accreditation human capital, which provides information about the capabilities of current and potential human capital to guide the development of the strategy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Three other principles that support the Bank of programmer talent: the great works great needs of managers; managers in building great staff participation; and that people perform better when they play with full force. SHRM enters a new team with the leaders of broader responsibilities. Employee relations, participation, and participation, and strengthen accountability and experience in the field to improve performance. Standard Chartered Bank to use lines of inner tubes to grow talent internally, and therefore have a continuous supply of talent. World Bank development programs to identify and develop talented people at all levels of the group, and the establishment of pools of local talent. Follow the talent during the recording and analysis of data of human capital. SHRM much emphasis on the role of education and development. Career development, and project and loan experience to enhance managerial expertise. Bank introduce some global standards and tools, and gives some of the managers in the banks the freedom to decide locally which the best way to use them. SHRM consider the geographical and cultural diversity as an opportunity to strengthen the functions and facilitate the exchange of best practices and ideas and new ways of working. Evaluation is a key part of talent management at Standard Chartered, it is used to classify employees into five categories, ranging from the high potential of the presentations and encourage them to take control of their personal development. SHRM focus on a system scale to support business goals. SHRM introduction of a new basis for the selection of staff and salary structures. Assessment and evaluation; evaluation, and feedback on performance, training, and work towards the objectives of development and function; observations of the resolutions of the job evaluation and development needs. The World Bank tools to evaluate performance on a regular basis, such as feedback of 360 degrees. SHRM incorporates a change in the organizational structures and performance evaluation. Bonus, with a focus on skills development and contribute to the workforce, improving team performance As one of the objectives of Standard Chartered is to attract the brightest talent, and then further develop their skills, and the bank has set the global orientation program, called Right Start, which is covering all the new arrivals.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ . SHRM create the appropriate atmosphere within the organization for current employees and new arrivals. SHRM looks at the process that enables people. Induction with the recruitment and selection processes, and this creates a culture of development. The aim to create great managers of the Bank, with the help of structured interview and by the Gallup Organization, and identified 250 people who have senior leadership in that it seeks to strengthen and provide them with training. SHRM is required to obtain new skills and new ways of working in organizations. SHRM ensure that all aspects of the organization of resources are involved (knowledge, core competencies). SHRM establish a relationship of personnel management and strategic management. The bank is offering a wide range of self-help tools for managers at all levels to develop their abilities and skills. For example, a product called the conversation on the Internet and discovered a test of strength. SHRM staff development, and new ideas, and training. SHRM looks at people in the first place to be managed resources to achieve strategic business objectives. Many of the practices talent management at Standard Chartered Bank is displayed features of SHRM, for example, are on staff participation, personal development and career planning (as shown in the table). It is useful for all organizations to manage their people under the scheme, coherent and management practices that reflect the talents and attributes SHRM to achieve success in the business world. Organizations need to develop human resources management strategy that is unique to their situation in terms of the context and objectives, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ 1.2 rare talents and it is a guarantee for the future. But in the current crisis in the world, executives in the banking sector in a bid to find a balance between the numbers of staff and reduce labor costs and maintain the use of talent management programs at the same time (both play offense and defense). What is the best way to manage talent in times of crisis? No talent management program is a program to change the long term? There are complementarities between human resources management and other departments in the enterprise; they are not only management assistance to other departments to assist them to manage their human resources needs, promotion, and transfer and performance evaluation. There is also integration between the activities contained in the human resources management such as integration between the activities of the description and workforce planning operating and research and polarization selection, recruitment and measurement of efficiency but in times of crisis, and I think that senior executives must recognize the importance of workforce management, staffing and costs, while achieving the maximum utilization of talent. And that the actual performance of the work agreed performance standards. Evaluation is an inevitable requirement in order to achieve organization goals based on the criteria set. The performance appraisal is a review of what they have done depending on what he called fu nctional and standards of their work, and also provides information on the performance appraisal skills they need to perform their duties perfectly. Through the evaluation, depending on the results take decisions to reward diligent and punish the defaulters. The responsibility for human resources management is in the design of the statute to assess the performance of individuals and training managers on how the evaluation then keep records of performance evaluation in order to take decisions on them. The evaluation may be used for individual development through identification of training needs to him and see how progress towards efficiency. There are several ways to evaluate them as reported good goal-setting and evaluation pans and the entrance to labor standards and the checklist and the order simple. Talent Management is one of the major concerns, and even more in times of crisis because the driver to make a change in the long term. Executives need to use the talent management programs to focus on maintaining their core competencies to improve efficiency and increase the transfer of workers to the divisions and functions in high demand, to build up enough of the reward, and they need it to restructure jobs to reduce costs if they want their companies to stay in market and leave behind the current global crisis. In the current troubled economy, it is natural that executives in different parts of the world to take actions to size of the right organizations to avoid a Lehman Brothers to meet the new economic reality. According to 326 executives of international, who participated in the January 2009 across the industry to a survey by Forbes magazine, Deloitte Insights, shows that these figures are senior executives, which seeks to strengthen and deepen the capacity of human origins within the organizations and programs in accordance with the management talent to run the company smarter to be ready to take advantage of the best of times and the position of their organizations for growth once the current crisis begins to pass through. We all know that in the recruitment of current circumstances, not a top priority for most companies, even executives should keep the focus on retention and training of future leaders, evaluation of the success of the planning objectives of the organization and help the clarity of vision and work on the composition of Standards adopted in the stimulation and development organizations can survive in the competitive environment. The process of evaluation, if applied at the correct standards and keep abreast of global progress, it helps to develop the organization and achieve its objectives. Another important point in my opinion, and develop their talents present, because they know that the current global crisis will remain for the time and not forever (economic cycles). Another reason for this focus on maintaining the existing talent, and even during the current recession, and there is fear that competitors may try to attract staff away because of the value of the crisis, and also holds the opportunity did not put an end to the war for talent. Wave of restructuring and evictions often creates vacancies for the attention, says Tom Declercq, Managing Partner at Deloitte talent. To summarize and highlight the benefits of continuous use talent management as an engine of change, and will constitute a long-term view of Hubert de Neve, the chief of staff for Imec, and nanotechnology research center in Leuven. And said We can not say in the future. We can only do our duty and we know how best, as we used to do that. It is important, as always, to continue to invest. Even in talent. Which is one way for an organization to be ready as soon as the economy improved again? 1.3 since it was the first time and Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) the focus of many discussions. And is usually measured SHRM of compatibility between human resources (HR) management practices and strategic goals, and the integration of the human resources function in the process of strategic management, human resource development practices for executives, the impact of these practices on the strong performance (Bowen and Ostroff 2004; Ulrich 1998) Human Resources Management to adopt two entrances to the human resources which can benefit organizations through which the two increase organizational effectiveness and satisfy the needs of individuals as reported good. And goes on good, instead of looking at the organizations goals and needs of the individuals they are opposites separate and to achieve any of them would be at the expense of the other, take the entrance to the human resources that both the organizations goals and needs of individuals complement each other and not be at the expense of one of them, so research has shown behavioral need to treat individuals as resources rather than as a production factor. The good foundations and principles underlying this entry, including: 1. If individuals are the best investment management and development can achieve the objectives of the organization and increase productivity. 2. The human resources policies must be created to satisfy the needs of individuals psychological, economic and social development. 3. The work environment should create and encourage individuals to develop and exploit their skills. 4. Programs and human resource policies must be implemented in a sensitive balance between the needs of individuals and the goals of the organization through a structured process will help to achieve this important balance. The Deputy Minister of Administrative Reform Canada, Mr. Charlbwa , noted that Canada has prepared a long term plan from 1990-2000 and was named the project for developing the performance of service in 2000 with a view to strengthening the public service to be more efficient and specialized and impartial and to be recognized as an asset productivity in the development process . Not surprising to find that four items out of ten items in the plan, the Canadian interest in human resources. These four items are the benefits and compensation, and training and development, and employment adjustment after working with the working environment. After reviewing the above shows, the importance of human resources as an asset developmental productive and effective if properly exploited, training, and this helped the lead of adults because they are concerned with the human element but also has developed strategic plans for the realization of the importance of the maximum utilization of these human resources as is the case in the State of Canada. SHRM still need to prove their contribution to the method of measuring organizational performance (Budhwar and Khatri 2001; Fisher and Dowling 1999; Schuler and Jackson 1999). As I said before, there are always discussions about whether it really is the practice of SHRM; executives alike have a role in transforming the HR function to be more strategic, and whether it adds value to the minimum (Martell and Carroll, 1995). SHRM consider human resources as assets for investment, and human resources management and strategic rather than reactive, and the perspective of administrative (Budhwar 2000a; Buyens will be a friendly in 2001). Because he knows how human resources management through the formulation and implementation of company / business strategies (Brewster and Larsen 1992), Integration refers to the involvement of human resources management in the formulation and implementation of organizational strategies and coordination between human resources management with the strategic needs of the organization. Integration leads to improved efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In addition, and human resources to be a strategic partner for human resource managers to participate in strategic decision-making along with other senior managers, and provide greater opportunity for human resources to align goals, strategies, philosophies and practices with the companys objectives and implementation of business strategy (Ulrich 1997a; Buyens friendly and would be 1999 ). As human resources managers membership in more than senior management team in the organization that can give the opportunity to manage human resources to represent their interests, and the impact of business strategy, and performance monitoring. . Section B, Question 3: Introduction The ultimate goal is to enable the participant to lead a thorough examination of the position of management and human resource development in the firm using the tools available for this activity, the modern enterprise requires staff who focus On the client, and flexible multi-skilled and skilled to adapt to innovative and results-oriented, and able to respond quickly to unexpected changes, and able to develop options to work through Negotiation and communication and networking. Staff need to play an active and leading role in policy development, regulation and administrative arrangements to ensure the achievement of organizational objectives. Learning and development, and therefore play a vital role in organizational development to achieve the strategic human resource management results. For example, the development and use of human capital attraction and retention, And all of the human resources development (HRD) practices are in the center of strategic focus in the management of human resources. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role and importance of resource development humanity in achieving organizational results SHRM. The definition of human resource development Human resources development (HRD) is a human resources management activities designed to develop skills, knowledge and attitudes of workers institution. It is thus part of a comprehensive concept Human resources management. They are concerned with the training activities as well as covering other aspects such as planning, career progression and work cycle, like any other activity which plays an important role in the development of the population within the organization. and human resource development to assist staff to develop their personal skills, knowledge and organizational capacity. Human resource development and also help in identifying the needs of skills of companies, in the present and future, and to identify and incorporate the learning needs of individuals. The ultimate goal is to see the skills of their workforce and knowledge to perform the tasks required of staff, and manpower which is keen to learn new skills in order to be able to meet the challenges of the future, in other words that the purpose of the use of human resources development in the transition from a learning organization simple. There are many ways to this development, but can be formal and inform al. Formal learning such as training classes or distance learning courses, the process of informal learning is the direction of self-development. These include: learning: This is a formal process of staff development, such as the learning activities planned by the employer to enhance the skills and knowledge of staff to implement the tasks current best or work in the future. Development Plan: Refers to the individual and collective activities that develop personal skills and capabilities, such as organizational change. And determine the qualifications: such as staff development on the environment in general is not a particular job or individual, for example, programs such as commercial and administrative management course work or masters degree in management business. The purpose of the Human Resources Development Strategy, are all activities, including those run by the workers themselves, which aims to make optimum use of the institution and make them happy employees, the management strategy and human resource development for the institution. And describe the decision-making levels (strategic, functional and operational) and the manner in which it would be incorporated in the strategic management and human resources development and describes the objectives, descriptions and indicators of management strategy and human resource development as well as target indicators, activities and plans, priorities and resources needed to implement the strategy, advocates a strategic approach to resource developm ent human suggest that the development of human resources play an important role in linking policies SHRM and achieve business goals. Human resources development strategy and include staff positions to support the objectives The Organization through appropriate design in accordance with the needs of staff, and all that was supported by management commitment. A strategic plan for the development of human resources help the organization in achieving its objectives and achieve its objectives through the development and retention of people with high skills who are motivated, innovative and flexible. But can the development of human resources to achieve the principles in itself or in isolation from other human resources practices and policies such as SHRM. Human resources development is one of the foundations of the organization, not the sole basis. We must support the objectives of human resource development for companies, to be consistent with the Plan of SHRM and become an integral part of the business environment in the organization. This requires the commitment of all staff in order to be effective, a commitment to identify areas that require development and commitment to work in order to meet the needs that have been identified and that the responsibility of the ultimate goal is The participant will be able to lead a thorough examination of the position of the management and human resource development in the firm using the tools available for this activity and achieving the goals of training desired by creating an environment conducive to this achievement through a range of training in particular, and throughout the organization in general à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Senior Management: strategic leadership for the development of human resources, and determine future needs of learning and its commitment to support and actively promote human resources development plan, analysis of the situation Indicators and how they can be modified, to see if he proposed structure raises the level of achievement of the objectives previously defined, or is it necessary adjustments and changes, regular sessions of the workshop on entrepreneurship development Foundation to assess the results and any changes it considers necessary, each of the proposed structure and work procedures, or descriptions of work involved, the definition of activities during the transition period advertised, especially Those that are intended to inform and raise the motivation of people who are affected by changes in the structure or operating procedures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managers: To ensure the implementation of human resource development under the program, the senior Management must group for the implementation of the study, and follow-up and evaluation of the identification of needs for individuals And corporate learning with the staff, and ensure the provision of training and development to meet these needs and define how can estimate the amount of indicators (the current situation and future), the organization of ongoing review of progress Workflow, which must be implemented by senior management to verify the implementation of changes and evaluation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Staff: to identify learning needs, according to the level of functionality, and identify priorities for learning with their managers, and then human resource development programs that would help to improve productivity And the effectiveness of individual goals and career advancement, he described the work in accordance with the new organizational structure, including the tasks, performance standards, and work activities, knowledge and skills required, identify groups Work, and integrity of the overall tasks of the institution, and to assess the conditions of appointment and promotion, the definition of the transition processes from the current situation to the situation resulting from the new organizational structure, clarifying the objectives of the procedures And how to implement them, you must take into account the changes required to operate these procedures with the new structure and system development work on the organization of the institution to identify the problems of organizational structure and the search for solutions. (Sub-groups can be established if needed to analyze the different positions). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The human resources function: planning and human resource development plan, and provide advice and assistance regarding the implementation plan to develop human resources, the exact definition of the transition period from the current situation Target to the situation when a decision to make changes in the structure. Strategic Objective for Education and Development Human resource development beyond the traditional concept of training and development through training courses and human resource development to consider ways that are best suited to achieve the desired learning, such as: training labor and Employment, and rotation, and research, seminars, mentoring, training and study. In fact, without this broader context, most of the training ends wasting money. Of course, the traditional is not always the most convenient way to learn, for example, in most cases knows that the employee gained quickly lost due to the lack of follow-up or an opportunity to practice learning. Should managers to provide staff with opportunities to practice and discuss what they have learned. Follow-up learning requires both managers and staff to plan how they will do so. While it is important in all organizations, it applies especially in a small institution where he repeated training is not financially feasible. For this reason, managers must determine the most appropriate way to learn and keep in mind that not all learning styles of the cost of funds. Education played an important role in achieving organizational results SHRM. We already know the relationship between SHRM and change (Figure below illustrates this). In fact, it will show through changes in the Learning SHRM Performance Change Source: Strategic Management of Human Resources Version 3.0 p 317. To improve the performance of the organization need to develop the ability to change through learning, because learning is a real opportunity, innovation and creativity and the ability to release staff. Review and evaluation to measure the role and importance of development of human resources in achieving organizational results SHRM, should be reconsidered in human resources development plan and evaluated periodically in the light of the objectives and performance indicators Such as productivity and efficiency, and efficiency in development, and cost effectiveness, and the balance would be acceptable between the processes and skills required and the ability to respond correctly to changes in work and: The ability to deal with changes in the mechanisms of effective planning and coordination. In short, there are many benefits that accompany the integration of human resource development with the organizations mission and strategic objectives. Such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The use of human resources development as a management tool to increase productivity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase the participation of supervisors and executive management, and executives in the field of training and development of their workforce. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A framework for the development of human resources strategy, a copy of a preliminary modified by the International Telecommunication Union and World Bank. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Indicators of the plan to improve court administration. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Workshops and seminars to develop the organizational structure. Human resources development, in the context of learning and development, is a vital factor in business planning and the survival of the organization. Section B, Question 4: Introduction Dealing with the needs of innovation and rapid environmental changes associated with life changes and economic changes in the world, as well as all the traditional newspaper business to convert the human resources management (THRM) in SHRM for their support, promote and work on the growth and development, because there is no doubt that the Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM ) is useful for good corporate performance and dedication to work and teamwork, and this is what you want any company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ What is the relationship between SHRM and the menstrual cycle? Why centralized systems of SHRM monthly period? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ The definition of performance management systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ According to SHRM (Society of Human Resources Management), and management performance is a means to regularly monitor the results of work activities, collecting and evaluating performance to determine achievement of objectives, and the use of performance information for decision-making, resource allocation and communication, both in receipt of goals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ In other words, the system of performance management is the management process refers to a group of technologies, functions and procedures to improve the performance of the organization and its staff and the forest in order to ensure that the process will focus its efforts in ways that will contribute to achieving the companys goals and objectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ Bevan Thompson (1992) offer the following definition:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ * PMS communicate a vision of the organizations objectives to the employee. * PMS provide the departmental/business unit and individual performance targets that are drawn from the wider organizational objectives. * PMS provide a formal review process of how the objectives have been met. * PMS establish the basis for identifying training, development and reward decisions as outcomes from the review process. * A fully integrated PM system (objective setting, review process and linked development and review system) provides the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the whole performance process in providing enhanced organizational performance. A carefully modeled system will provide the necessary information to report on capability as well as outcomes achieved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ PMS have different advantages such as: * PMS set expectations for employee performance based on business objectives. Supervisors and managers are responsible for managing the performance of their employees to best fit the nature of the work performed and the mission of the organization. * PMS maintain a dialogue between supervisor and employee to keep performance on track. e.g., when expectations change during the course of the work cycle, supervisors communicate these changes and modify work plans as necessary. * There is a mix of quantitative and qualitative objectives. * The system is integrated with interlocking procedures and flows of information. To name just a few Why centralized systems of SHRM monthly period? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ It is known that the strategy of human resource management and performance management system helps to focus staff on the operational results and strategy of the organization. In other words, human resource management strategy, which contains the menstrual cycle that can work to bring about a culture change in strategic direction and effective, which means it is the corner stone of per