Lewis And Clark :: essays research papers fc

The Lewis and Clark expedition across the present day United States began May 14, 1804. With the approval of President Jefferson and the U.S. Congress, Lewis and Clark gathered an exploration party of about four dozen men. These men headed off to discover Western America. On September 1, 1805, they arrived at the Bitterroot Mountains, near present day Idaho. This began a nightmare that would not end until they reached modern-day Weippe. September 1, 1805, the explorers set out traveling west, heading into rough, seldom traveled, mountainous country. They stopped at today’s North Fork of the Salmon River, known as Fish Creek to Lewis and Clark, where they caught five fish, and were able to kill a deer (MacGregor 125). Some of the men’s feet and horse’s hooves were injured due to the rough, rocky terrain. The next day, they were entering mountains far more difficult to pass than any American had ever attempted (Ambros 284). Clark describes the route: "Throuâ⠂¬â„¢ thickets in which we were obliged to cut a road, over rocky hillsides where horses were in perpetual danger of slipping to their certain distruction and up and down steep hills†¦" (De Voto 232). Traveling along the steep hills, several horses fell. One was crippled, and two gave out. Patrick Gass described the trip that day as, "†¦the worst road (If road it can be called) that was ever traveled" (MacGregor 125). To make conditions even worse, it rained that afternoon, which made the trail even more treacherous. The party was only able to travel five miles that day. On September 3, snow fell and the team’s last thermometer broke. Several more horsed slipped and injured themselves. Later that day, the snow turned into sleet. The expedition family consumed the last of their salt pork and fish and began their descent into the Bitterroot Valley. That night, was the coldest yet. The next day, the party went down a very steep descent to a river that Le wis named, Clark’s River, (Today known as The Bitterroot River.) There, they encountered a band of Salish Indians, whom the captains called Flatheads. They stayed there with the Indians the next couple of days to trade. They acquired thirteen new Appaloosa Horses, including three colts, for seven worn out horses. The Salish Indians shared berries and roots with the men for their meals. On September 6, they set off traveling northward along the Bitterroot River for about ten miles.

Mktg 2101 Red Bull Case Study

MKTG 2101 Consumer Behaviour Case Study -Red Bull: Rampaging through Global Markets 1. What segmentation base has Red Bull adopted to target customers? How should Red Bull further segment the market in the future? Red Bull have adopted a segmentation base strategy relating to market demographics. In particular the company has targeted young active people aged 16 – 29 years. Red Bull also use geography, identifying mainly university students and urban professionals who needed an ‘energy boost’ throughout their busy schedules and activities.Mateschitz’ strategy aimed to target opinion leaders, believing that â€Å"the authority of one alpha bee can influence the buying habits of hundreds†. The Red Bull segmentation strategy also has an important psychographic component, particularly focussing on young people with attitudes, perceptions and lifestyles that are consistent with risk taking, fast paced and energetic behaviours; highlighted with the company motto â€Å"No Red Bull, No Wings†. In order to continue to succeed, I believe that Red Bull must optimise opportunities in the growing economies of India and China.With greater economic freedoms and increased population growth in the middle class there are millions of young people falling into an attractive demographic for the Red Bull product. These young people will be the opinion leaders of the future in their countries, therefore holding the key for a success. Ways in which the company can expand its current activities to begin the process will lie in the correct marketing strategies; in particular I believe that the continued sponsorship of extreme events in these regions will be the perfect way to introduce young people to the product in an exciting new way. . How does Red Bull arouse the motivations of customers to purchase its energy drinks? Red Bull and Mateschitz explain â€Å"we are always looking for a more creative, different point of view† (Dolan 2005) to promote and present the product to the customer. This attitude is consistent with the brand personality and the image of its customers. It is for this reason that the company aligns itself with the young male – fast paced and energetic, interested in extreme sports, risky behaviour and never satisfied with the last thrill.The company too, is never satisfied, continuing sponsorship of extreme sports, owning Formula 1 racing teams and even developing its own sports such as BMX bike riding, Kite Boarding, Freeskiing, paragliding and more! The company is able to continually satisfy the needs of the market, arousing the customer with exciting new promotions and events which challenge the limits of human belief. For example, the Red Bull sponsored BMX events where the riders are attempting and completing unseen tricks and ‘death defying’ acts on a weekly basis.The company has also attempted a viral marketing strategy, in order to get the product to the consumer in a cheap and effective way. However, these efforts are also well calculated, for example, the drivers of the Red Bull VW Beetle are generally extremely good looking females aged 19 – 28 years, attractive and corresponding for the targeted young male. 3. Describe the brand personality of Red Bull. Why do you think the concept of brand personality is so important to Red Bull?Brand personality allows the consumer to develop a meaningful attachment to the product. People do not develop meaningful, long lasting relationships with the thing itself, it is when the consumer is able see the product with a certain persona, with feeling and meaning; it is then that the relationship develops and potentially blossoms. Red Bull and Mateschitz understand this and have created a brand personality that embodies excitement, energy and exhilaration, â€Å"Red Bull isn’t a drink, it’s a way of life†.People are overwhelmed with the image, the amazing aura around the events and the excitement created by the athletes. Young people feel the product, the brand and the colours when they see these competitors doing the amazing things that they aspire to, enshrouded with the simple colours of silver and blue. A clean, refined image burned into their brain, connected to the memories of thrilling moments when their heart was pumping, hands were sweating and adrenalin was frantically pulsating through their bodies.By creating these experiences for their consumer Red Bull are facilitating the development of important relationships with their product. In my opinion, maintaining brand personality and relationships is imperative for Red Bull. Mateschitz himself states, â€Å"We don’t bring the product to the people. We make it available and those who love our style come to us† highlighting his acknowledgement of the importance of people aligning themselves with the brand personality and developing a meaningful and long lasting relationship with the Red Bu ll productReferences * Dolan, K. (2005). The Soda With Buzz. Forbes. com http://www. forbes. com/global/2005/0328/028 print. html * Sciffman, L. , O’Cass, A. , Paladino, A. , D’Alessandro, S. and Bednall, D. 2011. Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Australia * Gschwandtner, G. (2004). The Powerful Sales Strategy Behind Red Bull. Selling Power. September. http://www. sellinpower. com Mktg 2101 Red Bull Case Study MKTG 2101 Consumer Behaviour Case Study -Red Bull: Rampaging through Global Markets 1. What segmentation base has Red Bull adopted to target customers? How should Red Bull further segment the market in the future? Red Bull have adopted a segmentation base strategy relating to market demographics. In particular the company has targeted young active people aged 16 – 29 years. Red Bull also use geography, identifying mainly university students and urban professionals who needed an ‘energy boost’ throughout their busy schedules and activities.Mateschitz’ strategy aimed to target opinion leaders, believing that â€Å"the authority of one alpha bee can influence the buying habits of hundreds†. The Red Bull segmentation strategy also has an important psychographic component, particularly focussing on young people with attitudes, perceptions and lifestyles that are consistent with risk taking, fast paced and energetic behaviours; highlighted with the company motto â€Å"No Red Bull, No Wings†. In order to continue to succeed, I believe that Red Bull must optimise opportunities in the growing economies of India and China.With greater economic freedoms and increased population growth in the middle class there are millions of young people falling into an attractive demographic for the Red Bull product. These young people will be the opinion leaders of the future in their countries, therefore holding the key for a success. Ways in which the company can expand its current activities to begin the process will lie in the correct marketing strategies; in particular I believe that the continued sponsorship of extreme events in these regions will be the perfect way to introduce young people to the product in an exciting new way. . How does Red Bull arouse the motivations of customers to purchase its energy drinks? Red Bull and Mateschitz explain â€Å"we are always looking for a more creative, different point of view† (Dolan 2005) to promote and present the product to the customer. This attitude is consistent with the brand personality and the image of its customers. It is for this reason that the company aligns itself with the young male – fast paced and energetic, interested in extreme sports, risky behaviour and never satisfied with the last thrill.The company too, is never satisfied, continuing sponsorship of extreme sports, owning Formula 1 racing teams and even developing its own sports such as BMX bike riding, Kite Boarding, Freeskiing, paragliding and more! The company is able to continually satisfy the needs of the market, arousing the customer with exciting new promotions and events which challenge the limits of human belief. For example, the Red Bull sponsored BMX events where the riders are attempting and completing unseen tricks and ‘death defying’ acts on a weekly basis.The company has also attempted a viral marketing strategy, in order to get the product to the consumer in a cheap and effective way. However, these efforts are also well calculated, for example, the drivers of the Red Bull VW Beetle are generally extremely good looking females aged 19 – 28 years, attractive and corresponding for the targeted young male. 3. Describe the brand personality of Red Bull. Why do you think the concept of brand personality is so important to Red Bull?Brand personality allows the consumer to develop a meaningful attachment to the product. People do not develop meaningful, long lasting relationships with the thing itself, it is when the consumer is able see the product with a certain persona, with feeling and meaning; it is then that the relationship develops and potentially blossoms. Red Bull and Mateschitz understand this and have created a brand personality that embodies excitement, energy and exhilaration, â€Å"Red Bull isn’t a drink, it’s a way of life†.People are overwhelmed with the image, the amazing aura around the events and the excitement created by the athletes. Young people feel the product, the brand and the colours when they see these competitors doing the amazing things that they aspire to, enshrouded with the simple colours of silver and blue. A clean, refined image burned into their brain, connected to the memories of thrilling moments when their heart was pumping, hands were sweating and adrenalin was frantically pulsating through their bodies.By creating these experiences for their consumer Red Bull are facilitating the development of important relationships with their product. In my opinion, maintaining brand personality and relationships is imperative for Red Bull. Mateschitz himself states, â€Å"We don’t bring the product to the people. We make it available and those who love our style come to us† highlighting his acknowledgement of the importance of people aligning themselves with the brand personality and developing a meaningful and long lasting relationship with the Red Bu ll productReferences * Dolan, K. (2005). The Soda With Buzz. Forbes. com http://www. forbes. com/global/2005/0328/028 print. html * Sciffman, L. , O’Cass, A. , Paladino, A. , D’Alessandro, S. and Bednall, D. 2011. Consumer Behaviour, 5th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall: Australia * Gschwandtner, G. (2004). The Powerful Sales Strategy Behind Red Bull. Selling Power. September. http://www. sellinpower. com

Celebrity Culture and Fashion Trends - 784 Words

Although celebrity culture is typically associated with actors and actress, consumers may also rely on the trustfulness and credibility of politicians and first wives when deciding fashion trends. In the 1960s, fashion icon Jackie Kennedy took over the fashion industry (Joel 1). She appealed to many stay-at-home women because she was commonly known to have a â€Å"sophisticated simplicity† (Joel 1) approach to fashion. Her successor, First Lady Michelle Obama has instantly become a fashion icon herself as well. She is commonly seen wearing American designers therefore pushing â€Å"the American fashion industry into the international spotlight† (Givhan 1). People are often so draw to her style because it gives a glance into her personal life. As Givhan states, â€Å"Obama’s clothes have connected with the public in contemporary terms, in the language of Hollywood’s glamour, Seventh Avenue’s bold entrepreneurship and the democracy of the mass marke t† (Givhan 1). In March 2009, Michelle Obama appeared on the cover of US Vogue which showcased her â€Å"dress, style, and poise† (Gibson 40). Brett Schenck, president of Hart Schaffner Marx states, â€Å"It’s usually the frenzy behind the first lady† (Jones), but in the some instances, President Obama has also made an impact on the fashion industry. In the summer of 2009, designer Donatella Versace created a runway show that was designed and dedicated to him. The clothes she created where inspired by President Obama because it showcased â€Å"a relaxed manShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Fashion in the Modern World897 Words   |  4 PagesFashion is something that keeps on changing and because of its change, fashion effects our lives nearly in every aspect like language, furniture, homes, cars, clothes, food and many other things. There are trendsetters and trend followers with different degrees of adaption but here trend is a broader term pertaining to style design, deriving from cultures, social, or many other factors of which fashion is a manifestation. Fashion has become one of the most important aspect of life in today’s lifeRead MoreHow Fashion Has Changed Over Time Essay924 Words   |  4 Pages The Reason Why Aspect of Pop Culture has Change over Time Fashion is the habitual practice of style with which a person dresses. Fashion is the aspect of Pop culture. Fashion is not just cloths, it is also shoes, jewelry and hair styles. As the thoughts of people changes, so as the trend of fashion changes over time. Fashion is an essential part of everyone’s life and an important part of society. The beautification of fashion is what explains and reflects to people who we are. Clothing has changedRead MoreFashion Influenced by Ww21739 Words   |  7 Pageshas World War 2 had on Fashion? For this assignment I have been asked to select an aspect of fashion culture to research and investigate. I have decided to base my assignment on World War 2 and investigate the impact it has had on fashion culture as a whole. I have chosen a history based theme for my assignment as I personally believe that history plays a main part in todays fashion culture, and I also think it is very interesting to see how designers today revive fashion from the past. The essayRead MoreThe Beauty Of Cosmetic Surgery899 Words   |  4 Pages Elliott (2011) argued that popular and media culture today are introducing a wholesale shift away from a focus on personalities to celebrity body-parts and their artificial enhancement. The interest of celebrity is gazing at their body-parts, and it links the relationship between celebrity culture and cosmetic surgery. While there is a desire on being alike to the celebrity can achieve beauty, the demand of cosmetic surgery has increased in the society. As not many people could meet the standardRead MoreFashion in the 1950s1437 Words   |  6 PagesFashion in the 1950s had spawned a wide variety of styles with elements of originality as well as new distinctive styles, which had added a classic new age twist to the history of European fashion. Recovering from the catastrophic tragedies from the Second World War, the fifties had given hope to the people and also a new start of life of many people to choose th eir future freely. Due to the massive recover of the economy, the technological advancement allowed mass production of clothing in the fiftiesRead MoreFashion And The World Of Fashion1087 Words   |  5 Pages The world of fashion is always changing and new trends are always emerging. The ways by which trends and fashion news are communicated to the public has evolved as technology advances. Before television and the internet, it was difficult for designers, photographers, and fashion brands alike to spread word about the latest in fashion to a large mass of people. With the help of modern technology, fashion has made its mark in the world by appearing on television networks, online blogs, social mediaRead MorePop Culture Mix Modes Rough Draft1471 Words   |  6 PagesRebekah Brickeen Ms. Howard AP English 11 6 December 2016 Pop Culture Mix Modes Rough Draft During the teenage years, pop culture becomes very important and has a major influence on a teen’s daily life. Pop culture begins to have negative effect on teens when they begin to change themselves to fit into the social standards created by modern TV stars, fashion icons, and musical artists. It is fine to be interested in wealthy and famous people, because they are without a doubt, interesting and itRead MoreThe Downfalls of Topshop1059 Words   |  4 PagesFurther Collaboration with Celebrities and Up and Coming Designers Topshops campaigns featuring celebrities have proven to be successful for their UK markets. Similar campaigns featuring well-know celebrities in the U.S. or other global markets could increase brand awareness and generate huge profits in the international market. Also, supporting and promoting new designers through NEWGEN has become an internationally renowned showcase for trendy and innovative fashion. Collaborate with other LicenceRead MoreRacial Identity And Its Influence On Young People Of Diverse Backgrounds1505 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral dominant fashions, they have also begun to challenge traditional boundaries. In particular, the hipster trend eliminates many gender specific styles, has opened a new front of acceptance and tolerance for new notions of gender identity, which were formerly highly confrontational. However, as with all popular trends has become difficult for many young people not to conform to the hipster trend, especially when the fashion industries and other influences integrate the trend into society, untilRead MoreCreating Meaning and Identity through Consumption Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesUnder the current capitalism society and material culture, people tend to form their identities through consumption, this means more than to consume products which are needed to survive, consumption can also link to self-identity formation and expression. People ar e imperceptibly influenced by the mass media that self-identity can be shaped and formed through consuming specific products. Therefore it can be said, fashion is an important element of identity formation. Young people are commonly feared

The War Of The World War I - 1279 Words

On June 28th, 2015 the peace treaty that finished World War I was agreed upon by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. The main three Allies showed their interest: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier George Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. The Great War had crushed Europe. Limitless territories of north-western Europe were diminished to almost nothing; French and Belgian towns and towns had vanished from the map without any trace of existence. The war destroyed Europeans male population. Both sides endured losses on a practically immeasurable scale. France had endured more than 1.4 million dead, and more than 4 million injured. Altogether, 8.5 million men had died. Numerous voices†¦show more content†¦The most essential terms of the Treaty of Versailles were: â€Å"War Guilt Clause - Germany should accept the blame for starting World War One Reparations - Germany had to pay 6,600 million pounds for the damage caused by the war Disarmament - Germany was only allowed to have a small army and six naval ships. No tanks, no air force and no submarines were allowed. The Rhineland area was to be de-militarised.Territorial Clauses - Land was taken away from Germany and given to other countries. Anschluss (union with Austria) was forbidden† (World War Two-Causes). For the Allies, the settlement had made peace which demilitarized Germany, secured the French border against assault and made an association to guarantee future world peace, to be known as the League of Nations. Yet the reaction in Germany against the Versailles was huge. Regional misfortunes to the new Polish state on the Eastern Front enraged numerous Germans. The neutralization of the Rhineland and the joining of Germans into the new land of Czechoslovakia also angered Germans. The term that angered Germany the most was the fact that they had to take the blame for causing the world. â€Å"As Germany looked for revisions to the treaty, the US Senate dismisses the Versailles settlement and vetoed US enrollment of the League of Nations. This was to

Essay on Prayer in Public Schools - 1051 Words

Prayer in Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in public schools due to three reasons, the historical basis of the beginning of the United States government, the serious moral decline since prayer has been outlawed, and the government infringement on the constitutional guarantee of individual freedom†¦show more content†¦Another reason for reinstating volunteer prayer in public schools comes from the fact that since prayer has been prohibited in public schools, the morality of the nation has declined. Since the Supreme Court outlawed prayer in public schools in 1960, the nation has seen a steady moral decline. There is a strong correlation between the expulsion of prayer in public schools and moral decline. Between the years of 1960 and 1990, the divorce rate has more than doubled, teenage pregnancy and teenage suicide has increased 250%. Child abuse is now at an all time high and since the end of school prayer, abortions have gone up more than 1000%. Universal principles of a civilized society are mandated by the Bible and re-enforce by prayer. In the words of Ben Franklin, ? When we were subject to danger from the war with Great Britain, we met daily in this room to pray for Divine protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard and graciously answeredHave we now forgotten our powerful Friend? Do we no longer need his assistance The coming together to pray daily provide support, re-enforcement and fellowship to keep minds focused on good instead of evil. Many psychological studies have found that people who pray daily have spiritual faith in goodnes s as presented in Christianity suffer less depression and are less likely to commit suicide. Parents teach their children morals at home. These lessons of right andShow MoreRelatedThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesFor much of the 20th Century and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and theRead MorePrayer in Public Schools656 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States was built on prayer. Prayer or religion is on our currency in the many halls of our justice and federal buildings so no matter where we go, we cannot escape prayer. Our founding fath ers did not exclude the bible in building our nation and educating our future and there will be no expectation. No matter what there will be prayer no matter where you are. Some people just don’t believe in God that’s why some don’t want prayer in public school. Though each of the clauses are originallyRead MorePrayer in the Public Schools1111 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in the Public Schools Diana Brown Everest Online Composition 1-226 ABSTRACT This essay is composed of facts supporting that prayer in Public Schools would be beneficial for the children and the United States of America. Prayer is an address to God or a god in word or thoughts. The Anti- Defamation League states that, â€Å"A moment of silence will inevitably be unconstitutional or the purpose and effect of such moments of silence are invariably to advance religion. The U.S. Supreme CourtRead MorePrayer in Public Schools894 Words   |  4 Pages Should prayer be allowed in public schools? This is a question with a highly controversial answer. There are many different angles to this question with varying ideas and opinions that never seem to agree with one another. The issue of prayer in public schools has, and will continue to be, at the center of many controversial debates. Just consider the fact that public educational system in United States is a secular or non-religious one that is quick to shut down any religious actions. This isRead MorePrayer On Public Schools : The Public School System1032 Words   |  5 PagesAllow Prayer in Public Schools The public school system should allow students, all across the United States of America, to express themselves freely whenever they would like. Most Americans support the idea of allowing students to pray during school. In the year 2001, 66% of Americans voted that they favor the idea of prayer during school; however, 34% opposed the idea of praying during school. In the year 2014, 61% of Americans voted that they support the idea of praying during school; howeverRead MoreThe Prayer Of A Public School768 Words   |  4 PagesMany people in Southern Missouri believe that we need to have more religion in schools. â€Å"Keep Christ in Christmas,† â€Å"One nation under God,† and post the Ten Commandments on every wall in public buildings. This is an easy rallying cry because most people in rural Southwest Missouri share the same Christian beliefs. There is a place for these types of soapboxes. That place is called church. Schools are designed to prepare students for the college and career. Churches are designed to prepare congregationsRead More No Prayer in Public Schools Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesNo Prayer in Public Schools Chapter three of Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints inspired me to research today’s issues of school prayer. To understand how we got to where we are today, I first delved into our countries history of court cases pertaining to rulings on prayer in schools. Lastly, to update my audience on how our lives are being affected today, I directed my efforts toward finding current situations. By analyzing these situations, I gained knowledge for a better understanding ofRead MorePrayer in Public Schools Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagestype of school students attend, organized prayer is mandatory, allowed, or banned. In the United States, organized prayer in public schools is prohibited because it goes against the Constitution’s separation of church and state (Jinkins 123). The United States promises religious freedom, but is yet to define the degree and limitation of that liberty. However, American citizens have been debating for many years, whether organized prayer should be an option or obligation in public schools. Some peopleRead More Prayer in Public School Essay3032 Words   |  13 Pagesthere is a way to express ones deepest thoughts and feelings--prayer. Prayer is something that most people due naturally. Whether it is in the morning before you start your day, before a meal, before you go to sleep, or when you just feel the need to express your feelings, prayer is always there. Religious faiths believe that this is central to human life. Even those who are not religious pray. Prayer affects the material universe. Prayer can be defined as an earnest request; a humble entreaty addressedRead More No Prayer in the Public Schools Essay3232 Words   |  13 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the past three decades, the issue of the role of prayer in the public school system has become increasingly controversial. The current debate juggles the opposing interpretations of the exact intentions of Americas Founders, who came from an other country, England, in pursuite of expanded freedoms. The first colonists in the 17th century especially desired religious freedom, because their former British government forced them all to learn and practice a centralized religion. Consequently

Corporate Governance And Ethics Private water - public good

Question: (a) Discuss and critically evaluated the role of privatised water companies in terms of Carrolls pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Issues that would require discussion : Critically evaluate the water companies Economic, Legal, Ethical and Philanthropic responsibilities, and discuss which responsibilities they live up to and where might there be room for improvement. (b) Examine the privatised water companies in developing countries, in terms of the extended view of Corporate citizenship. Discuss the governmental roles they have taken on, and evaluate their performance from this perspective. Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the impact of privatization on water supply. Privatization of water indicates to the transfer of ownership from the public sector to private sector. However, almost two third of sanitation and water system are publicly owned. With increasing capitalistic world, privatization is becoming very common in the water industry. The assignment will discuss the impact of water privatization and evaluate the desirability of public/private management. Since, water is basic needs of time and often viewed as a gift of nature. Privatization of water service influence strong sentiments of the population, particularly among the poor. The assignment discusses the necessary responsibilities that the private organization dealing with water system need to perform. Impact of privatization in water sector: The involvement of private sector in water supply has a long history. This was first practiced in USA and UK. However, this sector has taken by private sector gradually over the time. There are many models on water privatization (Bakker 2013). The sale of water companies assets is probably the most extreme form of water privatization. However, this form of privatization is very rarely been practiced in this industry. More common form of privatization is where private sector controls the operations and invests in the water system for an extended period of time. Several companies have emerged as a giant as the privatization increased in water sector. These organizations have obtained contracts to operate water services in number of countries. Companies like Suez and Vivendi are the major players of water supply in developing countries. However, privatization of water is a controversial issue and often seen it negatively. Still it has several benefits as well such as unlike municipal water companies; private companies are very efficient and it had no corruption issue. Hence, it helps to improve service of water supply. In reality, the impact of water privatization has mixed views. Baer (2014) state that more practices of privatization have actually enhanced water provision. Many spectacular mistakes have made politician and activist to argue against the privatization process in water supply. Different nature of water industry and its impact on privatization: Like any private companies, water supply companies are those entities whose business operation decisions affect the environmental and economic condition of the society in which they operate. However, unlike other manufacturing companies, water companies are in the business to provide public service, a service that is necessary for the well-being of the entire populations. Another difference of water industry comparing with the others is the involvement of the government. In other industries CSR issues government placed in marginal position but in case of water industry, government has significance role. There are lots of instances where government failed to provide right quality water that leads to sever health problems. Government failure to expand water system leaves many households unconnected. This leads the privatization concept to take over water industry (Bakker 2014). In water privatization, government signs contracts regarding utility operation. However, even after the contract is signed, the government has significant control over the pricing policies, priorities and service standards in the water sector. Ideally, economic regulator is independent but still a portion of this compliance is monitored by the public sector (Bauer 2012). Hence, the scope of private decision-making is designed by these policies. This different nature of water industry has immense impact on companies CSR decisions. Impact of privatization in bottled water: In the United States of America and Europe, bottled water is not viewed as a part of water service industry. Many people viewed bottled water as a life-style product that is branded and sold in supermarkets. Normally, bottled water companies meet the standard of the water quality. However, there is no proven benefits regarding health of bottled water over tap water. People decision of buying bottled water is based on personal choice and cost. In developing countries, the situation is somewhat different. The reality is that distribution system of water that brings tap water to the households does not cover the entire population. Even there are many places where water system is available but water services are unreliable or the quality of the water is poor (Spronk 2014). In this situation, households have to depend heavily on the other sources of water and bottled water in one of them. In this situation, the water services companies have to incorporate different range of water services. Therefore, large corporate water services companies (like- Vivendi and Ondeo) are not the only players in this industry but smaller companies are also present in this industry and selling water as a commodity in the form of private water tankers, bottled water etc. In piping water distribution, affordability and equity are probably the major factors in pricing decisions. Until water supply able to reach entire population, both private and pu blic sector will have to participate to ensure water supply services (Bhattacharya 2016). Hence, bottled water can also be considered as the necessary product for human lifestyle. So introduction of private sector to this industry has created new possibilities for the people in the society (Burke 2013). With privatization, people can expect to have high quality water available anywhere in the society. At the same time, pricing decision of these public companies can be an issue for the society. Since it is a necessary product, government played a crucial role in setting the prices of bottled water so that everyone in the society can have the access of this necessary product. Water companies corporate social responsibility issues: In this different circumstances, social responsibility of the water companies are also somewhat different from other industries. There are several issues that influence privatization of the water industry. Hence, it is necessary for private sector to ensure that these issues can have very limited impact on the water supply system. To perform that, water companies need to consider general CSR issues like community relationships, human and labor standards, environmental protection along with the following issues: Poor water quality is one of the major issues of the public sector that influences the private sector to get into this industry. Investment decision in water industry is also a crucial issue because here companies are not only have to consider the business outcomes but also have to consider those people who belong below to the poverty line. Corruption is another issue in water industry. Since, there have been many issues found where peoples of the society are provided with substandard water. Carrolls Pyramid: The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reflects about how to motivate about socially responsible behavior in the corporate sector focus on two major approaches: industry-wide standards and code of conduct for individual firms. However, codes of conduct could be significant but only the corporate behavior alone does not guarantee desirable social outcomes in the water industry. Figure 1: Carrolls CSR Pyramid (Source: Bakker 2013) The social responsibilities of the water companies results from its different strategies as well as shareholders and investors beliefs. It demonstrates key elements of long-term profit are the value brought to the society (Murthy 2013). Water companies concentrated on the support activity and cooperation of the government, contributes to the societys economic development (Ouda et al. 2014). For example, understand the requirements about water system so that it can meet the requirement put by the government. Carrolls corporate social responsibility pyramid demonstrates the layers of social responsibilities that constitute the concept of CSR. The first layer in the Carroll pyramid describes the economic responsibilities of the organizations that aim to enhance the long-term financial purpose of the organization (De Gouvello and Scott 2012). However, in case of water industry companies not only have to consider only about the financial aspects of the company but also it had to maintain rule and regulation impose by the government. Since water is a necessary product, companies economic responsibility is not only to enhance its own business but also to provide high quality water to the people. As the idea of privatization in the water industry come up because of the government failure to provide the level of quality of water, it is important for the companies to provide high quality water not only from ethical perspective but also from business perspective as well (Morris 2012). Since, any f ailure in these issues will increase the thought that only government need to deal in the water industry. The second level of the Carrolls pyramid illustrates the legal responsibilities of the organization. It refers to the international and national laws that have been imposed on the companies. In case water industry, government has more rules and regulation comparing to the other industries. Since water is necessary for human life, companies dealing in this industry also have to maintain certain rules and regulations (Grant 2013). Water industries rules include the quality of the water, pricing decision of the company and availability of this high quality water. From ethical perspective as well companies have to understand that maintaining proper rules and regulations is absolutely crucial. Otherwise it can become a major issue of the society that might have negative impact on the image of the organizations. The third layer illustrates the ethical responsibilities of the organizations. Water companies have to consider several ethical factors because of the nature of the product. There are lots of concerns regarding corruption and bribery in the water industry. Hence, water companies have not only to stay clear of the corruption also has to play an influential role in the development of the society in which they work by coordinating with public companies. Factors like workers pay, benefits, training and development of the employees have to be above the standard level for the water industry because privatization of water industry forces many government employees to get into the sector (Jaffee et al. 2013). As a result, any improper style of management practices will encourage many adverse critics to raise their voice against privatization. The final level of Carrolls pyramid illustrates philanthropic responsibilities of the corporate organization. This level expects organization to be good corporate citizen by contributing to the society and its quality of life (Lieberherr and Truffer 2015). Water services organization have to think outside of the box to achieve solutions for serving households in different cities, slums and rural areas. Companies have to employ many strategies such as through tankers trucks and bottled water to provide water to every citizen of the society. It is necessary for the water companies to play a critical role in protecting environment as well. With increasing number of population worldwide, scarcity of pure drinking water has been found. Hence, water companies not only have to ensure high quality drinking water has been provided but also it need to preserve existing drinking water or rainwater so that people can have their necessary water need fulfilled (Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido 201 5). Conclusion: The study reviews the characteristics of water services industry that is different from service and manufacturing industry CSR literature. The study established the usefulness of CSR concept for privatization of the water supply. In this sector, it is important to consider the social importance of outcomes. The study shows the importance of public sector in achieving outcomes and also the political and social expectation from this sector. The study indicates that underlying principle of CSR in this industry would include going beyond the requirements of the contracts in order to meet its social objectives. From stakeholders perspectives, privatization will be helpful in water industry. The study concludes that industry-wide multiple approaches to promote CSR are more appropriate for the water industry than is a focus of code of conducts for single companies. However, much innovation and thinking is still needed about the industry-wide approach to CSR in the sector water services coul d be more effective while avoiding counterproductive one size fits all prescriptions. Extended view: Based on the above discussion, social responsibilities of water companies should be as follows: Private water companies not only have to meet minimum contract requirements but also have to go beyond that in order to fulfill social objectives such as water quality and environment. Water companies also need to reduce costs by avoiding inefficiencies in pricing policies. Companies need to expand water system more quickly than required. Water companies can use business practices such as society development initiatives and purchasing decisions to influence social change and sustainable development. References: Baer, M., 2014. Private water, public good: water privatization and state capacity in Chile.Studies in Comparative International Development,49(2), pp.141-167. Bakker, K., 2013. Neoliberal versus postneoliberal water: geographies of privatization and resistance.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,103(2), pp.253-260. Bakker, K., 2014. The Business of Water: Market Environmentalism in the Water Sector.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,39, pp.469-494. Bauer, C.J., 2012.Against the current: privatization, water markets, and the state in Chile(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Bhattacharya, S., 2016. Changing dimensions and interactions of water crisis and human rights in developing countries.World Scientific News,34, pp.86-97. Burke, K., 2013. The Viability of Water Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa. De Gouvello, B. and Scott, C.A., 2012. Has water privatization peaked? The future of public water governance.water international,37(2), pp.87-90. Grant, M., 2013. Water Privatization Overview: A Public Interest Perspective on for-Profit, Private Sector Provision of Water and Sewer Services in the United States.JL Soc'y,14, p.167. Harris, L.M., Goldin, J.A. and Sneddon, C., 2015.Contemporary water governance in the global South: scarcity, marketization and participation. Routledge. Jaffee, D. and Newman, S., 2013. A more perfect commodity: bottled water, global accumulation, and local contestation.Rural Sociology,78(1), pp.1-28. Lieberherr, E. and Truffer, B., 2015. The impact of privatization on sustainability transitions: A comparative analysis of dynamic capabilities in three water utilities.Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,15, pp.101-122. Molinos-Senante, M. and Sala-Garrido, R., 2015. The impact of privatization approaches on the productivity growth of the water industry: A case study of Chile.Environmental Science Policy,50, pp.166-179. Morris, B., 2012. Water Apartheid? A Case Study Examining Parallels Between Water Privatization in Neoliberal South Africa and Inequalities in Apartheid.Trail Six: An Undergraduate Journal of Geography,6. Murthy, S.L., 2013. The human right (s) to water and sanitation: history, meaning and the controversy over privatization.Berkeley Journal of International Law (BJIL),31(1). Ouda, O.K., Al-Waked, R.F. and Alshehri, A.A., 2014. Privatization of water-supply services in Saudi Arabia: A unique experience.Utilities Policy,31, pp.107-113. Spronk, S.J., 2014. Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America? Urban Water Supply Management in Bolivia under Evo Morales.Cell,613, pp.697-0326.

The arrival of Inspector Goole Essay Example

The arrival of Inspector Goole Paper This is shown when later on his wife says, Arthur, youre not supposed to say such things It is evident that Mrs Birling is much more bothered about social class than Mr Birling; this may have been because Mr Birling has not always been in the company of higher class people, whereas Mrs Birling was born into this kind of society. This creates tension because the Birling family are clearly not comfortable with each others mannerisms and behaviour. In the play Mr Birling calls Bernard Shaw and H. G Wells cranks because they believed in social justice. Shaw and Wells were both authors that believed in socialism. They wrote about the socialist revolution and were in a socialist group called the Fabian Society. Priestley is insulting himself, as he is also as strong believer of socialism; but showing his support for the authors. The relationship between Sheila and Gerald creates immense amounts of tension throughout Act One. When Sheila asks Gerald where he was last summer he lies to her and says he was, awfully busy at the works all that time. We will write a custom essay sample on The arrival of Inspector Goole specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The arrival of Inspector Goole specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The arrival of Inspector Goole specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fact that Sheila raised this uncomfortable truth shows that she is very uncertain about Gerald, and doesnt have complete trust in him. A few sentences later she says, So you be careful. By saying this she is giving Gerald a warning but in a playful manner, as the stage directions also state. An Inspector Calls is set in 1912, and in that period women were subservient to men. This is evident when Mrs Birling tells Sheila off for not trusting and questioning Gerald. When youre married youll realize that men with important work to do sometimes have to spend all their time and energy on their business. Youll have to get used to that, just as I did. Mrs Birling has got it all wrong when she says this, as she is unaware that Gerald wasnt at work at all; but the quote here still shows that men were meant to go out to work for as long as necessary and women were not meant to question that. It also demonstrates how much emphasis and worth is placed on materialist gain, rather than honesty and trust. Foreshadowing is used several times in the play. Firstly when Gerald is asked about being lucky he says, I know I am this once anyhow. By saying this he means that he will not be lucky in the future, probably because of the secrets that are about to be unravelled. Secondly, Eric says that Sheila has a nasty temper; this foreshadows that she has a nasty temper with Eva Smith when she got her fired from the store, which played an important part in her death. Foreshadowing creates tension because it builds up to the arrival of Inspector Goole and creates the perfect environment for his arrival to have the best effect. Priestley used dramatic irony to express his interpretation on capitalist people. The place where it is used to the extreme is in Mr Birlings speech on pages 6 and 7. Birlings comments on how the Titanic is unsinkable, The Titanic she sails next week forty six thousand eight hundred tons forty six thousand eight hundred tons New York in five days time and every luxury and unsinkable This makes Mr Birling seem stupid, as the audience already know the Titanic did sink. He also states, I say there isnt a chance of war and talks about that for quite a long time. He seems very certain about the opinions he is saying, but is oblivious that they are all to be proved wrong. This is the kind of impression that Priestley would have wanted to make on his audience; that they thought Mr Birling was a stereotypical capitalist person who is very immature with what he says. Eric is a particularly symbolic character. The way he is seated at the dining table, as mentioned earlier, already suggests his distance from the family. Just before Eric enters the room Mr Birling says, And you can promise her that well try to keep out of trouble during the next few months This is very symbolic because it is suggesting that Eric has been getting into trouble, which is later to be revealed that he has. When the inspector is first mentioned at being at the front door the atmosphere changes completely. You can tell that everyone is getting nervous and suspicious. This shows when Gerald jokingly accuses Eric of being up to something and Eric says, Here what do you mean? Here he is getting defensive and protective of himself; as if he has something to hide. Mr Birling picks up on this and asks him, Whats the matter with you? in a sharp, assertive manner. In conclusion, I think that Priestley has built up tension very successfully. He has set a perfect environment for the Inspector to arrive in. There are many techniques that are used to contribute to the tension built in the play. In my opinion; the characters actions build the tension best by the way they are seated and what they are wearing. This is because I think that this is where the distance and formality is most evident. My favourite dramatic device used in the play is foreshadowing; this is because Priestley is giving away subtle indications of what is going to happen as the play goes on. I couldnt pick the most effective way Priestley creates tension, as they all work together to build tension in the best possible way. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE J. B. Priestley section.